It is impossible to gauge exactly who has only come on for a penalty shootout.
But if we take outfield players who come on for the final five minutes of stoppage time, there are only seven (five of which came since 2022) – and only three of those scored.
This summer two penalty takers have come on in stoppage time at the end of extra time and not had a touch before the final whistle.
Fabian Balbuena saw his penalty saved by Germany’s Manuel Neuer, although his Paraguay won the last-32 shootout.
Mahmoud Saber scored Egypt’s first penalty in the last-32 win over Australia – against a keeper who also had not touched the ball (more on him shortly).
Paulo Dybala came on past the 120-minute mark at the end of the 2022 final and scored in Argentina’s shootout win over France.
In Morocco’s last-16 win over Spain that year, both sides brought on players in the final two minutes – Badr Benoun and Pablo Sarabia – and both missed.
England’s Jamie Carragher came on with two minutes to go against Portugal in the 2006 quarter-final and had his kick saved by Ricardo, having initially netted but been ordered to retake because the whistle had not been blown.
The first player to come on in the final five minutes of extra time and score in a shootout was West Germany’s Pierre Littbarski, who netted in a quarter-final win over Mexico in 1986.
Two keepers have come on in the closing stages of a World Cup game with penalties in mind.
The Netherlands’ Tim Krul came on in the 121st minute against Costa Rica in the 2014 quarter-finals – and saved two penalties in their win.
He remained an unused substitute in the next round – when it again went to penalties – and the Netherlands went out, with Jasper Cillessen not saving any.
This summer it was Mat Ryan’s turn for Australia – but it did not work as Egypt scored all four penalties.
While Krul knew about the plan in advance, Ryan was told with a few minutes remaining that he would be coming on if the game went to a shootout.