Mental Health

A California jury found ⁠Alphabet’s Google and Meta liable for $3m in damages in a landmark social media addiction lawsuit that accused the companies of being legally responsible for the addictive design of their platforms.

The decision was handed down by a Los Angeles-based jury on Wednesday after more than 40 hours of deliberation across nine days, and more than a month after jurors heard opening statements in the trial.

Among those who testified in the case were Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg and Instagram head Adam Mosseri, although YouTube chief executive Neal Mohan was not called to testify.

The plaintiff in the case, referred to as KGM or Kaley, was awarded $3m in damages. The 20-year-old said she became addicted to social media at a young age, which exacerbated her mental health issues. She began using YouTube at age six and Meta-owned Instagram at age nine.

Kaley’s legal team alleged that the social media giants used designed features intended to hook young users, including notifications and autoplay features.

“Today’s verdict is a historic moment — for Kaley and for the thousands of children and families who have been waiting for this day. She showed extraordinary courage in bringing this case and telling her story in open court. A jury of Kaley’s peers heard the evidence, heard what Meta and YouTube knew and when they knew it, and held them accountable for their conduct. Today’s verdict belongs to Kaley,” lawyers for the plaintiff said in a statement shared with Al Jazeera.

Jurors were instructed not to consider the content of the posts and videos Kaley saw on the platforms. That is because tech companies are shielded from legal responsibility for user-posted content under Section 230 of the 1996 Communications Decency Act.

Meta consistently argued that Kaley had struggled with her mental health separate from her social media use, often pointing to her turbulent home life. Meta also said, “not one of her therapists identified social media as the cause” of her mental health issues in a statement following closing arguments. But the plaintiffs did not have to prove that social media caused Kaley’s struggles — only that it was a “substantial factor” in causing her harm.

YouTube focused less on Kaley’s medical records and mental health history and more on her use of the platform itself. The company argued that YouTube is not a form of social media, but rather a video platform, akin to television, and pointed to her declining use as she got older.

According to company data, she spent about one minute per day on average watching YouTube Shorts since its inception. YouTube Shorts, which launched in 2020, is the platform’s section for short-form, vertical videos that include the “infinite scroll” feature that the plaintiffs argued was addictive.

“We disagree with the verdict and plan to appeal. This case misunderstands YouTube, which is a responsibly built streaming platform, not a social media site,” Jose Castaneda, a spokesperson for Google, told Al Jazeera.

Meta did not respond to Al Jazeera’s request for comment.

Snap and TikTok were previously named in the suit but settled with the plaintiff for undisclosed terms before the trial began.

Shifting momentum

The verdict is the latest in a wave of lawsuits targeting social media companies. There is a looming federal social media addiction case slated to begin in June in Oakland, California.

On Tuesday in New Mexico, a jury found that Meta violated state law by misleading users about the safety of Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp, and by enabling child sexual exploitation on those platforms.

This case has been closely watched by legal experts, who say the verdict will shape future litigation.

“The fact the jury found Meta and Google liable represents that these cases have real exposure to the social media giants, and are going to frame how future litigation will proceed. Although this case will certainly be appealed, I would not be surprised if Meta and Google are already making changes within their platform to reflect the real exposure, and hopefully, the states will start to enact laws regulating social media in a manner congruent with the ruling,” entertainment lawyer Tre Lovell told Al Jazeera.

Professor Eric Goldman, associate dean for research at the Santa Clara University School of Law, echoed Lovell’s assessment.

“The Los Angeles jury verdict is the first of three bellwether trials in Los Angeles, with more bellwether trials to follow in summer, in the federal case. As such, today’s verdict is just one datapoint about liability and damages. The other trials could reach divergent outcomes, so this jury verdict isn’t the final word on any matter.”

Despite the ruling, Meta’s stock has not taken a hit, as it came the same day CEO Mark Zuckerberg was appointed to a new White House advisory council. The stock is up 0.7 percent. Alphabet’s stock, however, is trending downward in midday trading on the heels of the verdict, down 1 percent.

A British man who moved to France has spoken about the emotional journey he went on before the making the life changing decision to leave the UK behind two years ago

Although there are now more barriers in place for Britons, the lure of living and working in Europe is still incredibly strong. As a result, every year there are stories of people leaving the UK to live and work in the European Union, sometimes temporarily, sometimes permanently.

One man who moved to France from the UK has opened up about how the working culture in London led him to struggling with burnout. Liam Rondi, 30, and his husband Xavier Rondi, 33, eventually moved to Montpellier, France, in 2024.

Now, nearly two years on, Liam, a freelance copywriter, has talked about the anxiety and stress he experienced whilst living and working in central London.

Liam, originally from Medway in Kent, said: “I was watching the state of the country deteriorate in many different ways. I used to struggle a lot financially and I think the general mood of the country started to sour and I could really tell it started to wear on me.

“I was very anxious. In the mornings before work I would often be crying and be on the Tube bordering on a panic attack. I was exhausted and I couldn’t keep up with the work that was being set.”

Liam said that one of the turning points for him was when he visited his husband’s family in France and saw how people seemed “to be a lot friendlier and happier”. This, in turn, has shaped his opinion on how he views people working nine to five jobs in the UK and his belief that the “UK government is gaslighting people”.

He explained: “I think people in the UK pretend to be happy with the 9-5 lifestyle. I think a lot of people are very good at just keeping calm and carrying on – but for me that wasn’t a life that I wanted to live.”

Liam says he’s now decided to prioritise happiness over money, even if it has meant that the area he’s moved to has fewer career opportunities for him. He said: “The downside [to living in France] is I feel like the career opportunities aren’t as plentiful.

“I don’t think I’ll ever earn as much here as I could have done in the UK but I’ve realised over time that money isn’t the thing I’m most bothered about, it’s more happiness.”

Liam now encourages other people to at least consider moving somewhere else, even if it’s only to try it out, after saying he won’t return. He explained: “I can’t see myself ever moving back. France feels like home already because of the way of life. I definitely encourage people to consider it at least, just remember that it’s possible.”

Furthermore, Liam has also shared a video on TikTok detailing some of his experiences, one which has gone viral with around 294,000 views, likes, shares, and comments.

Liam’s story of experiencing burnout isn’t a new one, with data showing that more and more Britons are suffering from it.

Last year, a STADA Health Report showed that one group particularly affected was British women with 56 percent of women between the ages of 18 and 24 and 44 percent of those between the ages of 35 and 44 saying they had experienced the phenomenon.

Men were also shown to experience burnout with 43 percent of 18 to 24-year-olds and 36 percent of 35 to 44-year-olds experiencing symptoms.

Speaking about the matter to the Mirror, GP and TV doctor Dr Anisha Patel said: “I myself have suffered from burnout and as clinicians, we’re seeing more and more people at breaking point mentally, which can also impact their physical health and it’s clear that our mental health services need not only more investment, but cultural change.

“What’s striking is how stigma continues to hold us back. Despite widespread experiences of burnout, the UK still reports low levels of people taking sick leave for mental health reasons compared to other European countries.”

For emotional support, you can call the Samaritans 24-hour helpline on 116 123, email jo@samaritans.org, visit a Samaritans branch in person or go to the Samaritans website.

Some would argue that Downton failed to steal the crown of this classic.

Some things are simply unbeatable. A classic period drama, one as critically acclaimed as it was popular, remains regarded as amongst the finest ever produced — Upstairs, Downstairs.

The family saga charted the lives of the aristocratic Bellamy family and their staff in the early 1900s. Spanning three decades, the programme’s narrative stretched both World Wars and the jazz age through to the Great Depression.

As the quintessential period drama of its era, comparisons between Upstairs, Downstairs and Downton Abbey are inevitable. The BAFTA-winning ITV series established the benchmark for costume dramas with storylines that mirror its successor.

Upstairs, Downstairs came before Downton Abbey by 50 years. Both programmes portray the lives of an aristocratic family and their servants against a backdrop of social and political upheaval in the early 20th century.

They diverge in some major ways though, with the most obvious being Downton Abbey’s production values. The 1970s show looks more understated, a quality that strikes viewers as either nostalgic of off-putting.

Downton’s location is fundamentally more grand. The Bellamy family inhabit a London townhouse, worlds apart from the Crawley family’s lavish country manor which became a character in its own right.

Whilst Downton was famed for its visual spectacle, a share of the audience felt the series occasionally strayed into the melodramatic. In contrast, Upstairs, Downstairs has been likened to theatre due to its more grounded visuals and plot lines.

Fans of both period dramas have invariably come together online to compare the shows and name their favourite.

One person sparked a debate on a Downton Abbey forum by asking: “If you have seen both shows, which show do you think is better?” to which one person simply responded: “Upstairs Downstairs without question.”

“The original Upstairs Downstairs is one of the finest TV programmes ever made,” argued another. “Downton Abbey is a jumped up soap opera.”

Of course it would be remiss not to mention the BBC’s reboot of Upstairs, Downstairs in the 2010s, but that’s a whole ‘nother debate.

Upstairs, Downstairs can be streamed on ITVX.