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ST. PAUL, Minin., Feb. 27 (UPI) — A team of U.S.-based scientists say they have developed a model using a “biological clock” to predict — with just a simple blood test — when someone is likely to develop symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

The results of a study published this month in the journal Nature Medicine demonstrate how, by measuring blood plasma levels of a protein in people who are not yet impaired by Alzheimer’s symptoms, researchers can predict when cognitive decline will begin within a margin of three to four years.

While there is no single, stand-alone test to diagnose Alzheimer’s today, the new method works by leveraging how levels of the protein “p-tau217” in the blood closely reflect how much amyloid plaque has built up in the brain over time. This provides doctors with a “clock” that points to when a patient may begin to experience symptoms.

Amyloid buildup in the brain may begin up to 20 years before a person starts to experience symptoms of memory and thinking issues. The plaques are a key pathological hallmark and contributing factor in Alzheimer’s disease, and, much like looking at the rings of a tree, p-tau217 levels can reveal the age of the buildup.

The authors, based at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, say their new blood test method will have immediate applications in ongoing clinical trials seeking answers to the vexing questions about what causes and what can prevent Alzheimer’s and dementia, which affect more than 7 million Americans at an estimated cost of nearly $400 billion in 2025.

Eventually, with further refinement, researchers hope the blood test could one day be used in clinical settings to easily and quickly provide predictions about the timeline of symptom onset for individual patients. The only feasible ways of doing so now are through costly brain imaging scans and invasive spinal fluid tests.

The study was part of a project headed by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Biomarkers Consortium, a public-private charitable partnership established by Congress in 1990 whose roster includes schools such as Washington University, life science companies including Johnson & Johnson and the Alzheimer’s Association.

Dr. Suzanne Schindler, senior author of the study and associate professor in the WashU Medicine Department of Neurology, said that while current blood tests for p-tau217 are already capable of identifying cognitively unimpaired people who might develop Alzheimer’s symptoms, they have no ability to estimate when.

Thus, they are used only for research studies and clinical trials due to legal and ethical considerations, such as the risk of causing undue stress from uncertain results.

“Our study, however, suggests it’s possible to predict when symptoms might develop using blood p-tau217,” she told UPI. “The prediction is very rough and so is still only useful in research or trials.

“We believe these predictions can be refined, but it’s unclear if they’ll become reliable enough for individual guidance without more invasive tests like spinal fluid analysis,” she cautioned.

Still, the potential of uses of the blood test are immediate when it comes to Alzheimer’s research. For instance, they could allow clinical trials of potentially preventive treatments to be performed within a shorter time period.

“Clinical trials are currently underway that are treating cognitively unimpaired individuals who test positive for blood p-tau217,” Schindler noted. “We must wait to see if these treatments delay or prevent symptom onset, but I’m hopeful based on our understanding of the disease’s biology.”

Beyond clinical trials, the blood test will aid broader Alzheimer’s research “by linking p-tau217 levels to specific brain changes, helping us disentangle whether those changes are driving cognitive impairment amid its overall complexity,” she added.

The new study “provides evidence that plasma p‑tau217 may be a reliable tool for estimating the future onset of Alzheimer’s disease symptoms,” agreed Rebecca Edelmayer, vice president of scientific engagement for the Alzheimer’s Association.

“This could transform how researchers design clinical trials and, eventually, how clinicians identify people at highest risk for cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer’s years before decline begins,” she told UPI.

While the blood test method represents a “very intriguing discovery,” it’s important to note it is not yet ready for everyday use by doctors or patients, Edelmayer cautioned, noting that its three- to four-year margin of error effectively rules out its utility for individual decision-making.

Broadly speaking, blood tests are not yet recommended for cognitively unimpaired individuals outside research settings, but even so, “this finding is an important research step because a blood test is generally much less expensive and easier to administer than a brain scan or spinal‑fluid test,” she said.

“In the future, it could help doctors and researchers identify people who may benefit from early treatments, and make clinical trials for new Alzheimer’s therapies run faster and more efficiently.”

The possibility of making a difference in the long-running battle against one of the most feared and intractable diseases in the world holds a special meaning for Schindler.

“As a memory specialist, I’ve diagnosed over 1,000 people with Alzheimer’s and witnessed firsthand its devastating effects on patients and families,” she said. “These results make me hopeful, and it’s rewarding to think this research could improve diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s.”

Londoners can save more money on weekend breaks to five popular UK cities by opting for one particular method of transport over the train, new research has revealed

New research has revealed that anyone travelling from London to five UK cities can save up to £48 per journey, simply by making their journey via coach instead of the train.

The study, conducted by minibus and coach hire company SMC Coach Hire, analysed travel costs from the capital city to major UK destinations, comparing ticket prices against total mileage to identify where passengers are facing the most expensive rail fares.

The research showed Cardiff as the prime location for making travel savings. While a train journey from London Victoria to the Welsh capital costs an average of £61.39, the equivalent coach journey is just £13.35, a staggering saving of £48.04.

At just 10p per mile, opting to travel by coach offers a fraction of the rail cost for the 131-mile trip.

The top 5 best value routes

The North and Scotland also showed significant disparities, with long-distance travellers set to gain the most from making the journey on a coach:

1. Cardiff: £48.04 saving (£13.35 coach vs £61.39 train)
2. Aberdeen: £47.69 saving (£47.80 coach vs £95.49 train)
3. Leicester: £41.74 saving (£7.35 coach vs £49.09 train)
4. Glasgow: £37.34 saving (£39.45 coach vs £76.79 train)
5. Newcastle: £26.79 saving (£19.50 coach vs £46.29 train

However, distance doesn’t always have a direct impact on the savings. Leicester, one of the shortest routes on the list at just 89 miles, ranked third for total savings. Passengers can make the journey for as little as £7.35 by coach, compared to nearly £50 via rail.

1. Cardiff – train price to London – £61.39, train per mile – £0.47, coach price to London – £13.35, coach per mile – £0.10, approx distance (miles) 131.33, price difference – £48.04
2. Aberdeen – train price to London – £95.49, train per mile – £0.24, coach price to London – £47.80, coach per mile – £0.12, approx distance (miles) 398.15, price difference – £47.69
3. Leicester – train price to London – £49.09, train per mile – £0.55, coach price to London – £7.35, coach per mile – £0.08, approx distance (miles) 89.38, price difference – £41.74
4. Glasgow – train price to London – £76.79, train per mile – £0.22, coach price to London – £39.45, coach per mile – £0.11, approx distance (miles) 345.20, price difference – £37.34
5. Newcastle – train price to London – £46.29, train per mile – £0.19, coach price to London – £19.50, coach per mile – £0.08, approx distance (miles) 247.73, price difference – £26.79
6. Derby – train price to London – £38.19, train per mile – £0.34, coach price to London – £11.85, coach per mile – £0.10, approx distance (miles) 113.09, price difference – £26.34
7. Bristol – train price to London – £37.99, train per mile – £0.36, coach price to London – £13.35, coach per mile – £0.13, approx distance (miles) 106.38, price difference – £24.64
8. Leeds – train price to London – £43.89, train per mile – £0.26, coach price to London – £21.30, coach per mile – £0.13, approx distance (miles) 169.47, price difference – £22.59
9. Nottingham – train price to London – £35.89, train per mile – £0.33, coach price to London – £13.35, coach per mile – £0.12, approx distance (miles) 109.35, price difference – £22.54
10. Brighton and Hove – train price to London – £24.69, train per mile – £0.53, coach price to London – £5.40, coach per mile – £0.12, approx distance (miles) 46.89, price difference – £19.29
11. Manchester – train price to London – £31.29, train per mile – £0.19, coach price to London – £12.75, coach per mile – £0.08, approx distance (miles) 163.22, price difference – £18.54
12. Liverpool – train price to London – £30.19, train per mile – £0.17, coach price to London – £11.85, coach per mile – £0.07, approx distance (miles) 178.62, price difference – £18.34

Stephen Chesters, Director at SMC Coach Hire said: “With the cost of living still a major concern for many, these figures highlight just how much ‘rail tax’ people are paying for their commute or weekend breaks.

“Choosing the road over the rail isn’t just about the journey; it’s about keeping nearly £50 extra in your pocket. Whether you’re planning a romantic getaway for Valentine’s or looking ahead to a half-term break for the family, coach travel is a great alternative to save some money.”

The tenth edition of the ICC Men’s T20 World Cup will take place in India and Sri Lanka from February 7 to March 8, 2026.

Twenty teams will be competing in 55 matches for the chance to win cricket’s most prestigious T20 trophy.

But cricket is a game with a list of commonly used terms and phrases that might confuse those new to it.

In this illustrated guide, Al Jazeera breaks down cricket lingo and helps you understand the game beloved by nearly two billion people.

What is the aim of the game?

Cricket is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams consisting of 11 players each.

The game is divided into two parts, known as innings.

In the first innings, following a coin toss, the first team bats while the other team bowls and fields.

The batting team should try to score the highest number of runs in the allotted time, while the bowling team has to try to prevent them from scoring.

The bowling team has dedicated bowlers, while the remaining players, spread across the ground, try to prevent the batters from scoring runs as well as catch the ball to get the batters out.

In the second innings, the bowling team now gets a turn to bat and try to score more runs than their opposition.

The team with the highest number of runs at the end of the day wins the game.

What does T20 mean?

There are three different formats in cricket, each with its own duration and rules.

Each format has its own defined set of “overs”.

An “over” consists of six deliveries by the bowler.

In a T20 match, which usually lasts three to four hours, each team is given 20 overs (120 balls) to score the most number of runs. This format of the game is designed to be shorter and faster-paced, which provides more excitement for spectators.

A One Day International (ODI) match typically lasts about seven to eight hours. Each team is given a total of 300 deliveries, which are divided into 50 overs, to score the most number of runs.

A Test match is the longest and oldest format of the game, played over a maximum of five days. It is considered a test of endurance and skill. Each day has a minimum of 90 overs. Both teams have two innings each.

The cricket field and pitch

Cricket is played in a large, oval-shaped field, typically about 150 metres (164 yards) in diameter at its widest point and surrounded by a boundary rope.

In the centre of the field is the pitch, a rectangular area about 20 metres long (22 yards) and 3 metres (3.3 yards) wide, where most of the action takes place.

At each end of the pitch are three wooden sticks known as wickets or stumps, with two bails atop them.

The batter stands in front of these wickets inside a specified area known as the batting crease. It is from there that he or she will strike the incoming ball from the bowler.

During the match, the batting team will actually have two players on the field, one on either end of the pitch, to take turns in hitting the ball.

The bowling team, meanwhile, will have all 11 players scattered throughout the field to minimise the number of runs their opponents can score.

Some of the most common positions are shown below:

How are runs scored?

The aim for the batters is to score as many runs as possible by hitting the ball in the gaps between the fielders or over the boundary rope.

To score a run, the batter needs to hit the ball and then, together with their batting partner, run to the opposite side of the pitch before the fielder returns the ball; otherwise, they can be run out.

A single run is scored when both batters safely complete one run, a two-run when they complete two runs, and so on.

If a batter hits the ball along the ground and it reaches the boundary rope, then four runs are awarded.

To signal that four runs have been scored, the umpire moves his right hand from one side to the other, repeatedly waving it back and forth horizontally.

The maximum, six runs, is scored when the batter hits the ball directly over the boundary before it bounces. This shot is the most rewarding but also among the riskiest, due to the chances of getting bowled or caught.

To signal a six, the umpire will raise both hands above his head, which the fans will often imitate.

How does a player get ‘out’?

There are several ways to get a batter out, with each out referred to as “losing a wicket”.

Since cricket is played with pairs of batsmen, when 10 players from the batting team are dismissed, their innings concludes, and the sum of the runs they scored sets the target score for the bowling team.

The most common ways of getting a player out include:

Bowled: This happens if the batter misses the ball, and it goes on to hit the wicket.

Caught: A batter is caught out when they hit the ball and a fielder catches it before it touches the ground.

Run-Out: A run-out happens when the fielding team throws the ball at the wicket while the batter is trying to score a run and before they can reach the opposite side of the pitch.

LBW (Leg Before Wicket): This decision depends on various factors, but in a nutshell, a batter can be given out LBW if the ball hits their legs while they are standing in front of the wicket, thus preventing the wicket from being hit.

To signal an “out”, the umpire who is standing in the middle of the field will raise his index finger to signify that a batter has been dismissed.

This gesture is often referred to as the umpire having “raised the finger” or “given the finger”.

How do you read the score?

To follow the score in cricket, you need to look at three numbers.

The first is the number of runs a team has scored – the higher the number, the better.

The second indicates the number of “outs” or “wickets”. Once 10 players are out, their batting innings come to an end.

The third is the number of overs that have been bowled.

Combined, a score may look like this: 109-5 (10 overs)

This means that 109 runs have been scored, 5 players are out, and 10 overs have been completed.

Typically, teams make anywhere from 100 to 250 runs during a T20 match. A score of 100 is considered low to defend, while 250 runs is usually very strong.

The highest score in international T20 cricket was between Zimbabwe and The Gambia in 2024.

Zimbabwe batted first and scored a huge 344-4 in their 20 overs. In response, The Gambia only managed 54 runs before losing all 10 of their wickets.

Zimbabwe won by 290 runs.