USMCs

U.S. Marine Corps legacy F/A-18C/D Hornets are in line to add air-to-air optimized versions of the 70mm Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System II (APKWS II) rocket to their arsenal. This will give the jets an important, lower-cost boost in their ability to take down drones, as well as certain cruise missiles. APKWS II has already become a principal air-to-air counter-drone weapon for the U.S. force, which began using the rockets in this way on F-16 Vipers back in 2024, and has now extended the capability to the F-15E Strike Eagle and A-10 Warthog.

The recently released 2026 Marine Corps Aviation Plan highlighted a “high-density low-cost counter-Unmanned Aerial Systems (C-UAS)/cruise missile capability” as a top funding priority for the service’s F/A-18C/D fleet. The Marines currently have some 125 legacy Hornets in service, which have been receiving other key upgrades and additions to their arsenal in recent years to help ensure their relevance ahead of their expected retirement around the end of the decade.

“The Legacy Hornet continues to generate increased lethality, relevance, and survivability through its final fit,” a Marine Corps spokesperson told TWZ when asked for more information. “Addressing the C-UAS and Cruise missile capability, the F/A-18 has a previously funded, U.S.C. Title X-compliant requirement to incorporate the APKWS in an air-to-air mode and LAU-115/LAU-127 [missile launch rails] to integrate with the AIM-9X.”

Marine legacy Hornets already have the ability to employ the AIM-9X Sidewinder, so it is unclear exactly what changes are being made in this regard, and TWZ has reached back out for details. It is possible that this could entail work to increase the total number of AIM-9Xs the jets can carry at once. The U.S. Navy pursued a similar crash upgrade program for its F/A-18E/F Super Hornets back in 2024 in response to an urgent need for increased capacity to shoot down drones being employed by Iranian-backed Houthi militants in Yemen.

The decision to integrate the air-to-air APKWS II capability onto Marine F/A-18C/Ds is more clear cut, and is a logical development. The Air Force has already proven that the rockets are capable anti-air weapons against drones in real combat, which TWZ was first to report. The service initially disclosed that it was experimenting with using APKWS II in this role back in 2019. This is a capability that may also now be in service in Ukraine on that country’s second-hand F-16s, and could be set to appear elsewhere globally. The laser-guided rockets have separately demonstrated their ability to knock down drones when used as surface-to-air weapons in the course of the ongoing conflict in Ukraine.

APKWS II was originally designed as an air-to-surface weapon, and Marine legacy Hornets can already employ them in this mode. The rockets also have a demonstrated surface-to-surface capability. Each one of the rockets has three main parts: a 70mm rocket motor at the rear, one of several standardized warhead options at the front, and a laser guidance section in between.

APKWS, The Innovation Continues

The air-to-air optimized variant, designated the AGR-20F and also referred to as the Fixed Wing, Air Launched, Counter-Unmanned Aircraft Systems Ordnance (FALCO), incorporates a proximity fuze and changes to the munition’s guidance and sensing algorithms.

In the air-to-air role, APKWS II offers valuable cost and magazine depth benefits. The unit cost for the APKWS II guidance section has historically been between $15,000 and $20,000. 70mm rocket motors run in the $1,000 to $2,000 range. The price point for warheads fluctuates more widely, given the breadth of options available, as you can read about more here. By comparison, current generation AIM-9Xs each cost around $450,000, while the latest versions of the AIM-120 Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM) have price tags around $1 million.

For tactical jets like the Marine Corps’ legacy Hornets, APKWS II rockets also come loaded in seven-shot pods. At most, an F/A-18C/D can carry up to 12 traditional air-to-air missiles at once, spread across its wingtip, underwing, and intake stations. However, many of those stations are often taken up by range-extending drop tanks and/or podded sensors. Substituting just one seven-shot pod for a single air-to-air missile would give a jet six more engagement opportunities during a sortie. Multiple pods can also be carried on certain pylons, further increasing the aircraft’s magazine depth.

U.S. operations in recent years against the Houthis in Yemen, as well as in the defense of Israel from Iranian drone and missile attacks, have underscored the importance of more total anti-air capacity, as well as capability. Complex attacks involving large volumes of disparate threats present a real danger of simply overwhelming defenders. This was made clear during Iran’s strikes on Israel in April 2024, when American fighters had to land to rearm and refuel after running out of missiles, all while threats were still passing overhead. In that instance, Air Force F-15E Strike Eagle crews had also unsuccessfully attempted to down Iranian drones with Laser Joint Direct Attack Munition (LJDAM) precision-guided bombs – something else TWZ was first to report – and their aircraft’s built-in 20mm M61 Vulcan cannon.

The specific pairing of air-to-air optimized versions of APKWS II with Marine legacy Hornets will also benefit from the new AN/APG-79(V)4 radars that those aircraft have been receiving in recent years. The APG-79(V)4 is an active electronically scanned array (AESA) type that can ‘see’ further, scan faster, and spot and track targets, even smaller ones, with greater accuracy compared to the previous APG-73 type on the Marine jets.

In their current form, FALCO rockets still have to be guided to their target via laser. This, in turn, requires the active lazing of that target throughout the entire engagement cycle, either by aircraft launching the rocket or another platform. This imposes limits on how fast a launch platform can move on from engaging one target to the next. BAE Systems, the APKWS II’s prime contractor, is now working on a new dual-mode guidance system that adds in an imaging infrared seeker. What this will allow for has been described as a pseudo-fire-and-forget capability, as the rocket would still have to be cued to the target initially via laser.

It should also be stressed that the APKWS II is not a dogfighting weapon. The drones and subsonic cruise missiles that the rockets are capable of engaging are relatively steady, non-reactionary, low-performance targets.

Still, APKWS II has clearly emerged as a valuable, if not increasingly critical, lower-cost companion to traditional air-to-air missiles. As already noted, other countries are beginning to at least take notice. For instance, consideration is being given to adding them to the arsenal of the Eurofighter Typhoon.

More platforms are likely to gain this capability in the future. Given the Navy’s own experiences in operations in and around the Red Sea against the Houthis, it is increasingly curious that there has been no announcement of adding air-to-air versions of the APKWS II to the arsenal available for that service’s F/A-18E/F Super Hornets. The discrepancy is even more pronounced now in light of the Marine Corps’ plans for its legacy Hornets.

Contact the author: joe@twz.com

The YFQ-42 has been selected by the USMC “for evaluation in the Marine Air-Ground Task Force Uncrewed Expeditionary Tactical Aircraft (MUX TACAIR) Collaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA) program,” according to a release from the manufacturer of the drone, General Atomics. The aircraft is one of two Collaborative Combat Aircraft (uncrewed ‘fighters’) that the USAF has selected to enter flight testing, which is ongoing now. Under the new deal, General Atomics will use its “expertise in autonomy and uncrewed aircraft systems with a government-provided mission package, using the YFQ-42A platform as a surrogate to evaluate integration with crewed fighters.”

This sounds like a significant step for the USMC and the YFQ-42, but what does it actually mean? We reached out to General Atomics for some answers.

Before we get to that, what we know is that the YFQ-42 will have a USMC-provided ‘digital brain’ installed in it, after which it will work as a surrogate for CCAs, in general, to help the Marines explore how they actually integrate with them on a MAGTF (Marine Air Ground Task Force) level alongside crewed fighters. The CCA trials, which sound more complex than anything the USMC has disclosed before in regard to their CCA program, will help pave the way for future manned-unmanned teaming capabilities within the service.

Up until now, the Marines have primarily used the XQ-58 Valkyrie, a low-cost stealth drone built by Kratos that is quite different in its original form than the YFQ-42, for CCA autonomy testing. The USMC is moving forward with that platform, evolving it relatively dramatically into the MQ-58 in the process, which you can read about here. So, bringing in General Atomics’ CCA product for this kind of testing is certainly a new development. It’s worth noting that the YFQ-42 is only a USAF program inside the Pentagon.

YFQ-42A CCA: The Future of Airpower. Ready today.

As for the ‘mission package’ that will be installed aboard the YFQ-42, General Atomics describes it in a release as such:

“The USMC contract includes the rapid development of autonomy for the government-supplied mission kit — a cost-effective, sensor-rich, software-defined suite capable of delivering kinetic and non-kinetic effects — positioning the solution for use in expeditionary operations. This work will support evaluations of future MUX TACAIR capabilities.”

MUX TACAIR (Marine Air-Ground Task Force Uncrewed Expeditionary Tactical Aircraft) is the umbrella under which the USMC is currently pursuing CCA-type drones. The service is currently planning at least three incremental development phases. Increment 1 is the MQ-58, which the service has said in past budget documents is focused primarily on the “rapid and relevant capability delivery of a Minimum Viable Product (MVP).” A new USMC Aviation Plan released today shows the goal now is to field Increment 2 and Increment 3 capabilities in the 2030-2035 and 2035-2040 timeframes, respectively. These increments are unrelated to the ones the USAF has planned for its CCA program. However, the two services, as well as the Navy, are actively cooperating on the development of relevant capabilities, including common command and control architectures.

YFQ-42 leverages General Atomics’ previous work on an experimental drone called the XQ-67A Off-Board Sensing Station (OBSS), developed for the USAF, and the company’s Gambit family. Gambit is an ecosystem of different designs that all use the same central ‘chassis’ equipped with mission systems and the aircraft’s ‘brains,’ as well as its undercarriage. The airframes installed on top can be radically disparate in design. This, in theory, would lead to greater efficiency and adaptability across a wide range of mission sets, while keeping costs low. Gambit is paired with an open architecture digital backbone that also allows for rapid iteration and integration of new capabilities, such as software, sensors, and weapons.

Gambit Series: The Future of Air Dominance

Still, after reading the official release, we had questions. So we reached out to General Atomics, and here is what C. Mark Brinkley, the senior spokesman for the firm’s Aeronautical Systems, Inc., division, told us:

Q: What kinds of tests are intended for this mission package/MAGTF integration with the YFQ-42?

A: The Marine Corps will be looking at datalink integration and various sensor modalities, which are certainly sweet spots for General Atomics. Our three uncrewed jets are generating a lot of flight hours in these areas, and many others, so we have a strong history of performance. The YFQ-42A is a fantastic aircraft, and we’re excited for the Marine Corps to see what it can do.

Q: Who will own the YFQ-42 used for these tests?

A: This aircraft will be a General Atomics capital asset. GA-ASI is betting on our people and our products, which is how we have operated for more than three decades. So the aircraft is in full-rate production now, at our own forecast and expense, to speed the acquisition process for our customers. We are building unmanned fighters on our own investment because we believe the demand is high and the need is immediate. Our owners reinvest about 35 percent of revenue back into the company every year, including internal research and development, capital assets, facility upgrades and expansion, and more. We invested a billion dollars of our own money to bring the MQ-9B to market and now we have 14 customers worldwide. We recently broke ground on our new hangar in the desert to meet demand across all products. And we’re building a fleet of fighter jets at risk, specifically to answer these types of requests.

Q: How challenging is it for YFQ-42 (and I am assuming the Gambit family) to integrate a new ‘brain?’

A: It’s not challenging for us at all. I’ve lost count of how many different AI pilots we have integrated into our three jet types at this point. Between the work we’ve done with MQ-20 Avenger, XQ-67A OBSS and YFQ-42A CCA, we have flown at least a half dozen different AI pilots over time. Last year, during a company-funded demo, Avenger switched between the GA-ASI TacACE pilot and the Shield AI Hivemind pilot mid-flight. As new customers select a Gambit Series aircraft, we know that the autonomy software will change, and it will evolve over time. So we designed the aircraft to support that, and we’re putting in a lot of work to support that.

Q: Is YFQ-42 being evaluated by the USMC for procurement, beyond being used as a test surrogate?

A: Currently, the role is as a CCA test surrogate. However, we see potential for it to be considered for Increment 2, absolutely. It’s a great fighter.

Q: Can you give us an update on the YFQ-42 flight test program?

A: There’s not much new I can say about the Air Force program that hasn’t been said already. Our work there is ongoing, and we’re very pleased with the results so far. Specific updates should come from the Air Force, but General Atomics sees a bright future for the aircraft. GA-ASI is the most advanced, most lethal, unmanned aircraft manufacturer in the world, and our aircraft are unlike anything else in the global market. We’ve been building combat jets since 2008. We have more than 500,000 autonomous takeoffs and landings. We’ve been advancing airborne autonomy for about a decade at this point. This is what we do.

So there you have it, while these tests will be broad in scope, well above evaluating the platform being used, it certainly will give the USMC a close-up look at the YFQ-42, which is becoming increasingly similar to Kratos’ XQ-58 as that drone becomes larger, more complex, and capable of runway operations.

In the end, if the CCA concept truly pans out as promised — which remains a glaring question — it is very unlikely to be ‘owned’ by a single company and a small handful of their designs. The iterative nature of the services’ competitions for CCAs alone makes such a circumstance a farce. Services will more likely than not procure a variety of airframes, all with different attributes, from different vendors over time, and their brains, along with the software that is installed in them, could be equally as varied, if not more so.

Regardless, the YFQ-42 has just officially been selected to be put to work for the Marines, which marks a significant vote of confidence in General Atomics’ design.

Contact the author: Tyler@twz.com