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World Waits For Trump’s Next Move On Iran As Protests Grow Deadlier

U.S. President Donald Trump is “unafraid to use the lethal force and might of the United States military, if and when he deems that necessary” in response to Tehran’s brutal crackdown on Iranian anti-government protestors, White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt said Monday afternoon. Her comments came as Trump is favoring an attack, according to media reports, which we cannot confirm at this time. Regardless, Trump did lay down a firm warning to the government in Tehran last week that if they started killing protestors, he would act.

You can catch up with our previous coverage of the unfolding events here.

“The greatest leverage the regime had just several months ago was their nuclear program, which President Trump and the United States military totally obliterated through Operation Midnight Hammer,” stated Leavitt, noting that the president would prefer a diplomatic solution to the crisis. “And so what President Trump will do next only he knows. So the world will have to keep waiting and guessing, and we will let him decide. I’m certainly not going to broadcast any future options or decision from the President on national television.”

Press Sec Leavitt on Iran: “The greatest leverage the regime had just several months ago was their nuclear program, which President Trump and the United States military totally obliterated… What President Trump will do next only he knows.” pic.twitter.com/SaqGhnQFyL

— Open Source Intel (@Osint613) January 12, 2026

Leavitt added that airstrikes are among “many, many options.”

“The options could include ordering military strikes on regime sites or launching cyberattacks, approving new sanctions and boosting anti-regime accounts online,” The Wall Street Journal suggested.

White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt states that airstrikes are “one of the many, many option that are on the table” for President Trump to use against Iran, but adds that diplomacy is always the first option for the President. pic.twitter.com/rKPV9YEr73

— OSINTdefender (@sentdefender) January 12, 2026

Trump announced one of those options on Monday afternoon, declaring on his Truth Social platform an immediate 25% tariff on any nation doing business with Iran.

“Effective immediately, any Country doing business with the Islamic Republic of Iran will pay a Tariff of 25% on any and all business being done with the United States of America. This Order is final and conclusive….” – PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMP pic.twitter.com/UQ1ylPezs9

— The White House (@WhiteHouse) January 12, 2026

A major curve ball that has come into play has been the sudden ask by the Iranian regime to restart nuclear negotiations, according to Trump.

Speaking to reporters Sunday aboard Air Force One, Trump acknowledged that the U.S. will meet with Iranian officials after they called seeking negotiations over their nuclear ambitions.

“A meeting is being set up, but we may have to act because of what’s happening before the meeting,” Trump warned.

The tactic could be a ploy by the Iranians to keep the U.S. military at bay during a very vulnerable period. At the same time, the U.S. could end up striking Iran for reasons totally outside of the nuclear issue.

Trump said Iranian authorities have reached out to the White House, expressed a desire to begin negotiations, and that a meeting has already been set up. pic.twitter.com/VwKu2fVQdc

— Visegrád 24 (@visegrad24) January 12, 2026

Trump also warned that the government of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is approaching red lines in its harsh response to the uprising and brushed off threats of Iranian attacks on U.S. interests.

“People were killed that aren’t supposed to be killed,” Trump said aboard Air Force One. “These are violent, if you call them leaders. I don’t know if their leaders are just they rule through violence, but we’re looking at it very seriously. The military is looking at it, and we’re looking at some very strong options. We’ll make a determination.”

Trump added that he is getting “hourly reports” about the situation.

Asked about threats that Iran would attack U.S. assets in the region in retaliation for any American military actions on behalf of the anti-government forces, Trump seemed incredulous.

“They wouldn’t,” he proclaimed. “If they do that, we will hit them at levels that they’ve never been hit before. They won’t even believe it. I have options that are so strong. So I mean, if they did that, it’ll be met with a very, very powerful force.”

‼️🇺🇸Trump says, regarding potential attacks on US bases by Iran:

“I will hit them at levels they’ve never been hit before, they won’t even believe it.”

He adds,
“I have options that are so strong.” pic.twitter.com/3rUlr5on3t

— Defense Intelligence (@DI313_) January 12, 2026

Trump’s comments aboard Air Force One came in the wake of reports that U.S. military planners will present him with several options for responding to Iran. He will reportedly meet with senior administration officials on Tuesday to discuss the matter. As we pointed out earlier in this story, the U.S. struck Iranian nuclear facilities six months ago in what was dubbed Operation Midnight Hammer.

While Trump may be considering attacking Iran, there have been no publicly visible signs of a major U.S. military buildup in the region, either in the air or on the sea. There have been no large movements of cargo aircraft, tankers, or tactical aircraft. There are also no aircraft carriers in the region or plans at this point to move any. Even if the decision is made to redeploy a strike group, it would take weeks at the earliest before one could arrive from the U.S. The Lincoln carrier strike group is currently deployed to the South China Sea, and the USS Gerald R. Ford remains on station in the U.S. Southern Command (SOUTHCOM) region. If a carrier is called to the region, it will likely be the Lincoln.

The world’s largest aircraft carrier, USS Gerald R. Ford, and the amphibious warships USS Iwo Jima, USS Fort Lauderdale and USS San Antonio remain deployed in the Western Hemisphere. The Marines and Sailors on these lethal platforms stand ready to support @dhs_gov, @statedept and… pic.twitter.com/NnjHzzPA5n

— U.S. Southern Command (@Southcom) January 12, 2026

Though carrier strike groups bring a lot of firepower in the form of embarked aircraft and guided missile destroyers, they are not a requirement to strike Iran or defend against a counterattack it could launch, as we noted over the weekend.

The US military can still operate and have plenty of impact without a carrier in the region folks.

— Tyler Rogoway (@Aviation_Intel) January 11, 2026

Meanwhile, the U.S. still has airpower located on land bases throughout the region, including in Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Jordan. In addition, it should be noted that the B-2s that struck Iran flew from Whiteman Air Force Base in Missouri. B-52 and B-1B bombers can make similar flights from the U.S. or forward deploy.

However, given the threats made by Iran, we would likely see cargo flights containing air defense systems and personnel, as well as flights of additional fighters. Tehran still has a large supply of short-range ballistic and cruise missiles that it did not use during the 12-Day War with Israel. As a result, an Iranian response to a new attack could be far worse than the retaliation strike Tehran carried out on a largely empty Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar after Midnight Hammer. The Iranian revenge strike resulted in the largest single-event launch of Patriot interceptors in U.S. military history. At the same time, Iran is not in a particularly good position to fight a huge uprising internally and the U.S. externally at this time.

Meanwhile, despite ample evidence that makes such a claim seem very premature, the Iranian government maintains that it retains “full control” of the country despite the widespread protests. Iranian officials also claim that a million people came out on Monday to rallies in support of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. As we previously noted, the protests represent perhaps the greatest internal threat to the regime since it took power following the Islamic Revolution in 1979. The current uprisings began Dec. 28. 2025, sparked by anger over rising prices, devalued currency, a devastating drought, and brutal government crackdowns.

Iranians gather while blocking a street during a protest in Tehran, Iran on January 9, 2026. The nationwide protests started in Tehran's Grand Bazaar against the failing economic policies in late December, which spread to universities and other cities, and included economic slogans, to political and anti-government ones. (Photo by MAHSA / Middle East Images / AFP via Getty Images)
Iranians gather while blocking a street during a protest in Tehran, Iran on January 9, 2026. The nationwide protests started in Tehran’s Grand Bazaar against the failing economic policies in late December, which spread to universities and other cities, and included economic slogans, to political and anti-government ones. (Photo by MAHSA / Middle East Images via AFP) MAHSA

In a social media posting on Monday, the Ayatollah declared victory.

“Great and Dignified Nation of Iran! Today, you have accomplished a great deed and created a #HistoricalDay,” Khamenei extolled on X. “These massive gatherings, brimming with steadfast resolve, nullified the plans of external enemies that were meant to be implemented by internal mercenaries.”

بسم الله الرّحمن الرّحیم

ملّت عظیم‌الشأن ایران!
امروز کار بزرگی انجام دادید و #روزی_تاریخی آفریدید.

این اجتماعات عظیم و سرشار از عزم راسخ، نقشه‌ی دشمنان خارجی را که قرار بود به دست مزدوران داخلی پیاده شود، باطل کرد./۱ pic.twitter.com/Sy6MZxuc2Q

— KHAMENEI.IR | فارسی (@Khamenei_fa) January 12, 2026

Iran’s top diplomat also said the regime had weathered the uprising.

“Security forces have full control over the situation,” Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi said. “Evidence shows attacks on security forces were staged to inflate casualties, a demand from Trump, and most fatalities, including security personnel, were shot from behind. Armed attackers also killed the injured in ambulances, burned 53 mosques, and sabotaged public infrastructure.”

Araghchi also claimed U.S. and Israeli involvement, “with Mossad and its affiliates linked to killings and riots.”

Still, while saying his nation was prepared for war, Araghchi added Iran was also open to negotiations with Trump “that are fair, with equal rights and mutual respect.”

Amid the turmoil, the communication channel between Araghachi and Trump Middle East envoy Steve Witkoff has remained open, Iranian media reported.

Iran Successful in Stopping this Wave of U.S.-Israeli Attempts to Destabilize the Country

Foreign Minister Araghchi stated that peaceful protests lasted three days, during which the government held direct talks with economic activists.
However, armed terrorist groups soon… pic.twitter.com/iWs6IAXDzU

— Ibrahim Majed (@ibrahimtmajed) January 12, 2026

🇮🇷 BREAKING

Massive nationwide rallies are taking place across Iran in support of the Islamic Republic and against rioters. Crowds are filling the streets showing strong backing for the state.

The footage shared is from the Azerbaijan province in Iran. pic.twitter.com/g4snTzTjpx

— WAR (@warsurveillance) January 12, 2026

On Sunday, the Speaker of the Iranian Parliament, Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf took a much more defiant stance, leveling a direct threat against the U.S. and Israel.

“I have a message for the delusional American President,” said Qalibaf. “Be careful that the advice being given to you about attacking Iran is not of the same kind as the ‘consultations’ through which you claimed that Mashhad had fallen.”

“Therefore,” he added, “in order to avoid miscalculations, be aware that if you take action to attack Iran, both the occupied territories [Israel] and all U.S. military centers, bases, and ships in the region will be considered legitimate targets by us.”

The Speaker of the Iranian Parliament, Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf, issues a harsh and direct threat against @realDonaldTrump, calling him delusional and a gambler:

“We have heard that you have threatened Iran.
Know that the defenders of Iran will teach you a lesson that will never… pic.twitter.com/4cdwe4fHWF

— The Middle Eastern (@TMiddleEastern) January 12, 2026

On Monday, Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi, whose calls for increased action have sparked larger demonstrations, claimed the regime is “on its back legs” and that the “people are ready to topple it.”

Pahlavi, whose fatally ill father, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, fled Iran ahead of the 1979 Islamic Revolution, is now living in exile in the U.S.

As the unrest continues, it remains to be seen how much the uprising has really been quelled. The ferocity of the demonstrations had reportedly compelled the U.S. intelligence community last week to rethink its initial assessment of the situation, recognizing that it is more serious than initially thought. However, it is unknown if that analysis has changed over the weekend.

Given that Iran has largely shut down internet and telephone communications, including jamming signals to and from Starlink dishes, it is impossible to know exactly what is going on in the country at the moment. However, intermittent reports, videos, and images continue to flow from inside Iran.

⚠️ Update: #Iran has now been offline for 96 hours, limiting reporting and accountability over civilian deaths as Iranians protest and demand change; fixed-line internet, mobile data and calls are disabled, while other communication means are also increasingly being targeted ⌛️ pic.twitter.com/Dxe5OlUWqN

— NetBlocks (@netblocks) January 12, 2026

So far, at least 544 people have been killed during the protests, according to the latest data from the Human Rights Activist News Agency (HRANA). The U.S.-based non-governmental organization claims that dozens of additional cases are under review, while more than 10,000 people have been arrested and transferred to prisons. The number of deaths is likely significantly higher because HRANA claims it only tabulates those that can be visually confirmed.

“Protests have taken place at 585 locations across the country, in 186 cities, spanning all 31 provinces,” HRANA stated. The War Zone cannot independently verify these claims.

For the past two weeks, social media feeds about Iran have been dominated by videos and images of huge throngs of people on the streets across the country. Some showed buildings burning, others depicting the mounting death toll as hospitals and morgues became inundated with bodies of those killed during the demonstrations after regime forces opened fire.

Connected with a source tonight in Isfahan, Iran. He described the demonstrations as a ‘battle,’ with security forces using live ammunition. pic.twitter.com/fqRYjgiSKC

— Trey Yingst (@TreyYingst) January 12, 2026

Iranian protesters have taken the control of a police station in Tehran, Hafte Tir district, and have set fire to it.

They are chanting “#Javidshah‌” “ Long Live the Shah” pic.twitter.com/gkvlhp0h4S

— Marziyeh Amirizadeh مرضیه امیری زاده (@MAmirizadeh) January 12, 2026

⚠️ 𝐁𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐍𝐞𝐰𝐬 ⚠️

🇮🇷 | MASSACRE FOOTAGE HAS BEEN LEAKED FROM IRAN!

We can see armed forces gunning down unarmed civilians in the streets.

REPOST, RETWEET, RETWEET! pic.twitter.com/NHGWTDuGDL

— Iran Spectator (@IranSpec) January 10, 2026

Footage dated Friday, January 9, shows dozens, if not hundreds, of bodies at the Kahrizak Forensic Medical Center to the south of the Iranian capital of Tehran, as families search for loved ones who have been killed during the ongoing anti-government protests in Iran. pic.twitter.com/PIk9rLsXnF

— OSINTdefender (@sentdefender) January 11, 2026

Amid the chaos, non-essential staff have reportedly departed the French embassy in Iran.

BREAKING: Non-essential staff have departed France’s embassy in Iran, according to AFP report.

— The Spectator Index (@spectatorindex) January 12, 2026

As the protests continue and rhetoric flows between Washington and Tehran, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu expressed his support for the Iranian people while planning a potential attack, dubbed Operation Iron Strike.

“We are sending strength to the heroic and courageous citizens of Iran — and once the regime falls, we will do good things together for the benefit of both peoples,” he said on Sunday. “We all hope that the Persian nation will soon be freed from the yoke of tyranny. And when that day arrives, Israel and Iran will once again become faithful partners in building a future of prosperity and peace.”

As we have previously noted, an Israeli strike could play into the regime’s claim about foreign interference and galvanize the population behind it; however, that seems less likely with every passing day of violence.

Israel is closely monitoring the events unfolding in Iran. The protests for freedom have spread throughout the country.

The people of Israel, and the entire world, stand in awe of the immense bravery of Iran’s citizens.

Israel supports their struggle for freedom and strongly… pic.twitter.com/ya68R9Q1ds

— Benjamin Netanyahu – בנימין נתניהו (@netanyahu) January 11, 2026

Regardless of Netanyahu’s intentions, all eyes are on Trump, a senior IDF official told us.

“My assessment is that much ultimately hinges on one individual: President Trump,” he said, offering an unclassified view of the situation. “He has positioned himself as a global decision-maker, and it is likely that he alone will determine whether, when, and how the United States chooses to intervene in Iran, if at all.”

However, Israel could act if it perceives a threat from its arch-enemy.

“From Israel’s perspective, should there be credible early warning of escalation or intervention, I would expect Israel to act swiftly,” said the official, speaking on condition of anonymity to discuss operational details. “At present, Israel is maintaining a high level of readiness and immediate operational preparedness. That said, much more remains classified than publicly visible. In many respects, the situation appears to be concentrated in the decision-making of a single individual.”

“It is possible that patience may run thin in the coming 48 hours, but as always, predictions in this environment are inherently uncertain, and I prefer not to speculate beyond that,” the official added.

Contact the author: howard@thewarzone.com

Howard is a Senior Staff Writer for The War Zone, and a former Senior Managing Editor for Military Times. Prior to this, he covered military affairs for the Tampa Bay Times as a Senior Writer. Howard’s work has appeared in various publications including Yahoo News, RealClearDefense, and Air Force Times.




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Protests grow as Iran’s government makes meager offer amid tanking economy | Protests News

Tehran, Iran – Bolder protests are being recorded across Iran amid an increasing deployment of armed security officers as the government’s efforts to contain an unravelling economic situation fall flat.

Footage circulating online showed huge protests on Tuesday night in the city of Abdanan, in the central province of Ilam, where several major demonstrations have taken place over the past week.

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Thousands of people, from children accompanied by parents to the elderly, were filmed walking and chanting in the streets of the small city while helicopters flew overhead. The protesters appeared to have vastly outnumbered the security personnel deployed to contain them.

In the city of Ilam, the province’s capital, videos showed security forces storming the Imam Khomeini Hospital to root out and arrest protesters, something rights group Amnesty International said violates international law and again shows “how far the Iranian authorities are willing to go to crush dissent”.

The hospital became a target after protests in the county of Malekshahi earlier this week, where multiple demonstrators were shot dead while gathering at the entrance of a military base. Some wounded protesters were taken to the hospital.

Several graphic videos from the scene of the shooting circulating online showed people being sprayed with live fire and falling to the ground as they fled from the gate. The local governor said the shooting is under investigation.

State-linked media confirmed that at least three people were killed. They also announced on Tuesday that a police officer was shot dead after armed clashes took place in the aftermath of funeral processions for the dead protesters.

In Tehran, numerous videos showed traders and business owners at the Grand Bazaar, who closed down their shops, clashing with security forces in riot gear with batons and using tear gas.

People could be heard chanting “freedom” in the bazaar and shouting “dishonourable” at police officers. “Execute me if you want, I’m not a rioter,” one man shouted when pressured by security forces, to cheers and clapping from the crowd.

‘Show no mercy’

Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei said, in his first reaction to the protests this week, that rioters must be “put in their place”.

Meanwhile, Chief Justice Gholamhossein Mohseni-Ejei said, “We will show no mercy to rioters this time.”

The situation was similarly tense in adjacent streets and neighbourhoods, where the protests were originally started by shopkeepers on December 28. Multiple other major shopping areas in Tehran saw huge strikes and protests on Tuesday, including Yaftabad, where police were met with shouted slogans, “Neither Gaza nor Lebanon; my life for Iran”.

Iran’s government has been accused of providing support for armed groups in Gaza and Lebanon.

More clashes were recorded around the Sina Hospital in downtown Tehran, but the Tehran University of Medical Science said in a statement that the tear gas canisters filmed inside the hospital compound were not thrown by security forces.

Demonstrations also occurred in Lorestan and Kermanshah in the west; Mashhad in the northeast; Qazvin, south of the capital; the city of Shahrekord in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari to the southwest; and the city of Hamedan, where a woman was filmed braving a police water cannon in the winter cold.

A foreign-based human rights monitor opposed to the theocratic establishment in Iran claimed at least 35 people have been killed in the protests so far. The Iranian state has not announced casualty figures, and Al Jazeera could not independently verify any.

Shops are closed during protests in Tehran's centuries-old main bazaar, Iran, Tuesday, Jan. 6, 2026. (AP Photo/Vahid Salemi)
Shops are closed during protests in Tehran’s centuries-old main bazaar on Tuesday [Vahid Salemi/AP]

Cooking oil triples in price

The country continues to have one of the highest inflation rates in the world, especially when it comes to the rampant increases in prices of essential food items.

The government of moderate President Masoud Pezeshkian says it is implementing plans to make sure the economic situation is contained, but a rapid decline continues to unfold.

The country’s embattled currency, the rial, was priced at more than 1.47 million to the US dollar in the open market in Tehran on Tuesday, marking yet another new all-time low that showed a lack of public and investor trust.

The price of cooking oil has experienced by far the sharpest price surge this week, more than tripling and falling further out of reach of the decimated Iranian middle class, which has seen its purchasing power dwindle since 2018, when the US unilaterally abandoned a 2015 nuclear deal and reimposed harsh sanctions.

The development comes after Pezeshkian presented a budget for the upcoming Iranian calendar year, starting in late March, that eliminated a subsidised currency rate used for certain imports, including foodstuffs.

Some economists have welcomed the rationale behind the move, which is to eliminate the rent-distributing subsidised currency rate in an attempt to combat corruption, particularly since the cheaper currency has only been abused and has failed to curb food prices.

The move was expected to lead to increased prices in the short term and face pushback from interest groups within the establishment that have benefitted from the cheap currency for years. But the oil price jump was very sudden, prompting the government to announce official prices of its own, though it remains to be seen whether the market will listen.

Using the resources to be freed from eliminating the cheaper subsidised currency, the government has offered to allocate online credits, each amounting to 10 million rials ($7 at the current exchange rate), to help people buy food.

Two renowned singers, Homayoun Shajarian and Alireza Ghorbani, joined the ranks of many people and celebrities online who said they would stop their professional activities, including scheduled concerts, in solemn observance and support for the protests.

“How can our officials lay down their heads and sleep?” asked Ali Daei, a legend of Iranian football and a respected national figure among the people, in a video interview released on Tuesday that is going viral.

“Perhaps many of them are not even Iranians, since they don’t feel sympathy for the Iranian nation.”

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Chinese Fighter Jet Exports Set To Grow Significantly

China’s military aerospace sector is clearly in a period of rapid growth and innovation right now. As it continues to roll out new combat aircraft designs, crewed and uncrewed, for domestic use, it’s also lining up new exports of at least three of its in-production fighters. That’s one finding from the unclassified version of an annual Pentagon report to Congress on China’s military, released yesterday.

The latest Pentagon assessment of the military and security developments involving China doesn’t include much in the way of new information on the individual aircraft programs for the People’s Liberation Army (PLA).

The report does mention the debut in the last 12 months of “two stealth aircraft with novel tailless design features,” the aircraft that are now known informally as the J-36 and the J-XDS. Other debuts highlighted include the land-based J-35A fifth-generation combat aircraft and the J-15D carrier-borne electronic warfare aircraft. Also of note is the statement that the new airborne early warning and control aircraft based on the Y-20B transport is “meant to identify and track advanced stealth aircraft.”

ZHUHAI, CHINA - NOVEMBER 09: A J-35A stealth fighter conducts adaptive training for the upcoming 15th China International Aviation and Aerospace Exhibition, or Airshow China 2024, on November 9, 2024 in Zhuhai, Guangdong Province of China. The 15th China International Aviation and Aerospace Exhibition will be held in Zhuhai from November 12 to 17.
A J-35A conducts adaptive training for the upcoming Airshow China 2024, on November 9, 2024, in Zhuhai, Guangdong province of China. Photo by Qian Baihua/VCG via Getty Images Photo by Qian Baihua/VCG via Getty Images

Perhaps the most significant military aerospace development is the assertion in the report that China aims to produce six aircraft carriers by 2035, which would provide a total of nine (China’s third, the Fujian, began its inaugural sea trials in May). Recent imagery indicates that China is progressing with work on a new aircraft carrier, its fourth, which is expected to introduce nuclear propulsion. There are increasing reports that Beijing may also still be working on at least one more conventionally powered carrier, too. If these plans are accurate, then the gap between China’s fleet of carriers and the U.S. Navy’s 11 active nuclear-powered supercarriers is growing smaller at an even faster pace.

When it comes to China’s fighters for export, the report identifies the fifth-generation Shenyang FC-31 (export variant of the J-35), the fourth-generation Chengdu J-10C, and the JF-17, which it defines, somewhat puzzlingly, as a light combat aircraft. The last of these, also named Thunder, is a China-Pakistan coproduction, not used by the PLA.

In terms of orders already achieved, the Pentagon states that, as of May 2025, the FC-31 has no sales. However, it does say that there are “interested clients,” which include Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

The first prototype FC-31 took to the air in 2012 and was followed, in 2016, by a significantly reworked and greatly refined version, which we discussed in detail at the time. More recently, developmental focus has been on the J-35 version for carrier-based service with the PLA Navy. Alongside this, Shenyang has also developed the J-35A, a land-based stealth fighter that has been under development for some time and which publicly emerged late last year.

The long-term PLA Air Force plans for the J-35A remain unclear, but the carrier-capable J-35 may well now be in operational PLA Navy service. Since the base design was developed primarily for export, foreign sales are almost certainly still being sought.

Somewhat surprising is the fact that the Pentagon doesn’t link Pakistan with a potential FC-31 order. After all, there had been a previous announcement of official Pakistani plans to acquire a land-based version of the jet.

Pakistan is interested in buying FC-31.

The details are subject to further negotiations, but it’s unlikely we’ll sell the AF version of the J-35 (more developed form of FC-31).

It’s more likely a bespoke version of FC-31 for Pakistan
1/2 pic.twitter.com/X4PdRNSpAy

— Zhao DaShuai 东北进修🇨🇳 (@zhao_dashuai) January 3, 2024

As for Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, all these nations are known to be looking for new fighters.

Egypt was once destined to receive 24 Su-35s from Russia, before the threat of U.S. sanctions and a teased offer of F-15s put an end to that sale. In particular, Washington had said it would put sanctions on Cairo under the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA). In the event, it appears those same Su-35s, or at least some of them, ended up in Algeria.

One of the Su-35s produced for Egypt but never delivered to that country. @nskplanes 

In Saudi Arabia, meanwhile, the FC-31 would join a relatively packed list of competitors for that country’s next batch of fighters.

Saudi Arabia was long expected to buy more Eurofighter Typhoons, in a deal that would be brokered by BAE Systems of the United Kingdom. With that potential deal held up by concerns over Saudi human rights abuses, Saudi Arabia entered talks to buy 54 Dassault Rafale fighters, as we reported back in 2023. More recently, Boeing confirmed that it was offering the F-15EX Eagle II to Saudi Arabia, while last month it was reported that the Trump administration was weighing up the sale of up to 48 Lockheed Martin F-35As to the kingdom.

Selling the stealth jet to Saudi Arabia would be a significant policy shift, with Washington previously being unwilling to export F-35s to Arab states in the region, for fear of upsetting the strategic balance in relation to Israel. The same applies to the United Arab Emirates, where, like in Saudi Arabia, Beijing seems to be offering its stealthy FC-31 as a direct alternative to the F-35.

A U.S. Air Force F-35A performs during the 2023 Dubai Airshow on November 13, 2023. Photo by GIUSEPPE CACACE/AFP via Getty Images

An arms package for the United Arab Emirates, approved at the end of the previous Trump administration and valued at up to $23.37 billion, included 50 F-35As, among other weapons. In 2021, the Emirati government reportedly said it wanted to scrap the plan, due to concerns over stringent safeguards to protect these systems — somewhat ironically — against Chinese espionage.

For the J-10C, the report notes that the only exports of this type are the 20 units delivered to Pakistan. These are part of two previous orders from Islamabad totaling 36 aircraft since 2020. It’s unclear when the remaining jets are set to be delivered to the Pakistan Air Force. Since entering Pakistani service, the J-10C saw its combat debut in this year’s clashes between India and Pakistan. Many observers pointed to the potentially significant impact made by the jets, especially in conjunction with their much-vaunted PL-15 air-to-air missiles — the latter of which you can read about in depth here. Regardless, China went into overdrive to publicize the claimed success of the J-10C and its Chinese-made missiles in Pakistan Air Force hands.

An unarmed Pakistan Air Force J-10C carrying three external fuel tanks. Pakistan Air Force

Meanwhile, Egypt, Uzbekistan, Indonesia, Iran, and Bangladesh are all said to have expressed interest in the J-10C.

Aside from the aforementioned Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, and Bangladesh are all known to be looking for new fighter equipment.

Indonesia signed a contract for the 42 Rafales, which it followed up by announcing plans to buy up to 24 F-15EX fighters, specifically a derivative known as the F-15IND, as you can read more about here.

Dassault Rafale (T0302) Multirole Fighter destined for Indonesia spotted at Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport.

📸: Willy Josse – Bordeaux Mérignac Spotters pic.twitter.com/8cmgU6PmQB

— OSINTWarfare (@OSINTWarfare) November 8, 2025

The prospects of a J-10C sale in Iran may be somewhat better.

Iran’s geriatric air force has been particularly hobbled by historic arms embargoes and the country’s increasing pariah status in the global community. In the past, Iran has been linked with a potential transfer of Su-35s, which so far hasn’t materialized, while the country’s fighter force almost certainly suffered heavy attrition in the conflict with Israel earlier this year.

As for Bangladesh, this country may also now be out of the market for a new fighter. Earlier this month, it was reported that it had signed a letter of intent with Italy’s Leonardo to buy an undisclosed number of Typhoons.

Turning to the JF-17, which is the lowest-end and cheapest offering of the three fighters, has also done the best in terms of exports.

As of May 2024, the Pentagon records JF-17 sales to Azerbaijan, Burma, and Nigeria, as well as Pakistan. The report also says that, as of 2024, negotiations were underway regarding a possible JF-17 transfer to Iraq.

PAC JF-17 Thunder multirole combat aircraft, a fighter jet made in China and Pakistan. The Pakistani plane is painted with the country's flag as it belongs to Pakistan Air Force. The aircraft performed a flight demo, flying demonstration at the 53rd Paris Air Show at Le Bourget Airport in France on June 2019. The advanced and sophisticated fighter jet is developed jointly by the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) and the Chengdu Aircraft Corporation (CAC) of China. (Photo by Nicolas Economou/NurPhoto via Getty Images)
A JF-17 Thunder fighter at the Paris Air Show in June 2019. Photo by Nicolas Economou/NurPhoto Nicolas Economou

Iraq is an intriguing candidate customer. Although it has been a keen customer of Chinese arms for many years, the country’s fighter needs would appear to be well met by its Lockheed Martin F-16s — provided they are still operational.

Back in 2023, the Pentagon reported that the F-16IQ had become Iraq’s most reliable platform for carrying out airstrikes against ISIS terrorists, at least in part due to a shortage of spare parts for Iraq’s Russian-made attack helicopters as a result of the war in Ukraine. U.S. and Iraqi authorities were said to be looking into the possibility of modernizing the F-16IQ’s notoriously limited air-to-air capabilities.

It’s unclear why Iraq might have started to look at buying JF-17s. One possibility is simply to increase the size of its fighter fleet and do it more cheaply, but it’s also possible that Iraq’s F-16s may be suffering from some of the same kinds of problems they did in the past. Indeed, as of 2020, it was announced that the withdrawal of maintenance teams from Iraq meant that its F-16 fleet was at risk of effectively ceasing to exist.

A trio of Iraqi F-16IQ Vipers. U.S. Air Force

Overall, we don’t know how accurate the Pentagon’s assessments of potential export sales for China’s fighters are, but they remain interesting.

Not least for the fact that China, the world’s fourth-largest arms supplier, is increasingly active at the higher end of military aerospace exports. Indeed, with three different fighter designs on offer, it is well able to meet different requirements in terms of costs and capabilities. With its stealthy FC-31, China can offer a competitor not only to the F-35 but also to the Turkish TF Kaan and the South Korean KF-21 Boramae at the lower end of that segment.

Furthermore, China is increasingly well-positioned to offer complementary drones to operate alongside these crewed fighters. China is currently making great leaps in drone technology and is in hot pursuit of equivalents to the U.S. Collaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA). Such designs could be offered paired with these fighters, putting even smaller countries within reach of the latest concept of operations and airpower capabilities.

In addition, as the Pentagon report notes, “arms transfers are a component of China’s foreign policy and complement assistance and initiatives that are part of the Belt and Road Initiative. Many developing countries, especially in Africa, purchase China’s weapons systems because they are less expensive than Western systems.” This latter point certainly holds true for the JF-17, in particular, although that jet has added significant new capabilities in its later versions, including an active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar.

Beijing is also more willing than most Western nations to offer financial incentives such as trade for minerals and flexible payment options.

Overall, all three fighters, like all Chinese weapons designs, also have the major advantage of being immune to the tight export restrictions that typically apply to Western products. The story of Beijing’s fighter exports indicates that it is far more likely to grant export licenses to countries that might be prohibited from buying a Western design.

Provided China can secure an export sale for the FC-31, this would be a hugely significant development, greatly helping China break farther out into the higher-end fighter marketplace — especially if it is offered at an attractive price. At the same time, foreign orders for the jet would help offset further development costs and lower production costs, making it even more attractive on the export market.

Contact the author: thomas@thewarzone.com

Thomas is a defense writer and editor with over 20 years of experience covering military aerospace topics and conflicts. He’s written a number of books, edited many more, and has contributed to many of the world’s leading aviation publications. Before joining The War Zone in 2020, he was the editor of AirForces Monthly.




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