Authors: Meherab Hossain and Md. Obaidullah
“Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world.” The words of Margaret Mead echoed through the crowded streets of Dhaka, as millions of young voices rose in unison, demanding change. This was not just any protest—it was the birth of a revolution, one that would ultimately topple a 15-year authoritarian autocratic regime in Bangladesh, propelled by the uncompromising spirit of Generation Z.
For fifteen years, Bangladesh had been under the iron grip of an autocratic government that stifled dissent, curtailed freedoms, and bred widespread corruption and inequality in the name of development. The socio-political atmosphere had grown increasingly oppressive, with media censorship, human rights abuses, and economic stagnation becoming the norm. Yet, amidst this bleak reality, a new generation emerged—tech-savvy, globally connected, and fiercely determined to reclaim their future.
The 15-year period of autocratic rule in Bangladesh was marked by the dominance of a single political leader, Sheikh Hasina, who consolidated power through a mix of populist rhetoric and calculating suppression. This era began with a flawed election in 2014, widely criticized for voter fraud and intimidation, which cemented the regime’s grip on power. Major opposition parties were systematically weakened through a combination of legal challenges, arrests, and political violence.
Generation Z, often referred to as Gen Z, comprises individuals born roughly between the mid-1990s and early 2010s. This generation is characterized by its digital nativism, having grown up in an era of ubiquitous internet access and technological advancements. Gen Z is known for its tech-savviness, global connectedness, and progressive outlook on social issues. Unlike previous generations, Gen Z has been shaped by a rapidly changing world, where information is readily accessible, and social causes are easily amplified through online platforms. Key traits of Generation Z include a strong sense of social justice, a penchant for activism, and an unprecedented ability to mobilize and organize using digital tools.
On June 5th, the High Court in Bangladesh issued a ruling reinstating the 30 percent quota for the children of freedom fighters, overturning the 2018 decision that had removed the quotas. The court deemed the previous decision illegal. Following this, on June 7th, students in Dhaka formed a group called “Students Against Discrimination” and announced plans for a peaceful protest named the “Bangla Blockade” to take place at significant locations such as Shahbagh Mor.
Upon her return from China on June 14th, former Prime Minister Hasina held a press conference to discuss her visit. During the conference, she expressed concerns about the abolition of quotas for descendants of freedom fighters and raised questions about the eligibility of the grandchildren of collaborators, also known as Razakars, for such benefits. Hasina’s remarks incited strong emotions among the younger generation in Bangladesh, leading to chants at rallies like “Who are you? Who am I? Razakar, Razakar!”
The term ‘Razakar’ carries negative connotations in Bangladesh as it refers to individuals who allegedly supported the Pakistani army during the 1971 War of Independence. Prime Minister Hasina’s comparison of quota opponents to ‘Razakars’ ignited widespread protests and backlash among the youth in the country.
According to Shohid dot info, the peaceful protest that began on July 16 in front of Begum Rokeya University, Bangladesh, has seen over 490 casualties. A 23-year-old student named Abu Saeed from the English Department was shot with rubber bullets by the Police during the demonstration. Despite his efforts to protect himself, Saeed succumbed to his injuries before reaching the hospital, prompting a revolutionary movement. Hasina ordered the shutdown of mobile internet twice, from July 17-28 and August 4th. She also mobilized the Army, Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB), and Security Forces to enforce a nationwide curfew.
In response to these actions, Students Demanding 9-point demand including a public apology from Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and accountability for the deaths of students, as well as one of the coordinators of the quota-reform movement, Md Mahin Sarkar. On July 31st, “Students Against Discrimination” organized a nationwide “March for Justice” program. Later, on August 3rd, Nahid Islam, a coordinator of the group “Students Against Discrimination,” called one point demand for the government’s resignation. This movement, known as Chatro Jonotar Andolon or “Student-People’s Movement,” is led by 142 coordinators, all of whom are from Generation Z.
After 15 years of autocratic rule, the reign of the former Prime Minister Hasina came to an end on August 5th when she resigned and escaped via a military Aircraft Lockheed C-130J Hercules. General Waker-uz-Zaman announced that he would consult with the president about establishing an interim government. Following extensive deliberations with various political parties, including the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami, and Hefazat-e-Islam, an agreement was reached to form an interim government. Professor Yunus has been chosen as the chief advisor for the interim government. The decision was made after a meeting between leaders of the “Students Against Discrimination” movement and President Mohammed Shahabuddin regarding the formation of the interim government.
From the reinstatement of quotas for the children of freedom fighters to the resignation of former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, the journey has been marked by sacrifices, perseverance, and unwavering resolve. Despite tragic losses, internet shutdowns, and curfews, the youth of Bangladesh remained steadfast in their demand for a fairer society. As one era ends and another begins, an interim government led by Professor Yunus has been established, signaling a fresh start guided by democracy, transparency, and social justice. The GenZ revolution that led to the downfall of the autocratic regime showcases the power of collective action and digital connectivity, proving that the youth are not just the leaders of tomorrow but of today.
As Bangladesh enters a new chapter, it is important to reflect on the sacrifices and lessons learned from the Gen Z revolution. The spirit of resilience and hope that drove this movement forward will continue to shape a more inclusive future, where the voices of the youth are not only heard but valued. Generation Z’s impact will echo for years to come, proving that meaningful change is possible with committed citizens.