It’s getting towards the time of the year when you might feel more overwhelmed than usual. There are work projects to finish and perhaps exams in the family. Not to mention the pressures of organising holidays or gifts. Burnout is a real possibility.
Burnout is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as having three main symptoms — exhaustion, loss of empathy and reduced performance at work.
Australian research argues for a broader model, particularly as the WHO’s third symptom may simply be a consequence of the first two.
So what is burnout really? And how can you avoid it before the holidays hit?
More than being really tired
The Australian research model endorsed exhaustion as the primary burnout symptom but emphasised burnout should not be simply equated with exhaustion.
The second symptom is loss of empathy (or “compassion fatigue”), which can also be experienced as uncharacteristic cynicism or a general loss of feeling. Nothing much provides pleasure and joie de vivre is only a memory.
The third symptom (cognitive impairment) means sufferers find it difficult to focus and retain information when reading. They tend to scan material — with some women reporting it as akin to “baby brain”.
Research suggests a fourth symptom: insularity. When someone is burnt out, they tend to keep to themselves, not only socialising less but also obtaining little pleasure from interactions.
A potential fifth key feature is an unsettled mood.
And despite feeling exhausted, most individuals report insomnia when they’re burnt out. In severe cases, immune functioning can be compromised (so that the person may report an increase in infections), blood pressure may drop and it may be difficult or impossible to get out of bed.
Predictably, such features (especially exhaustion and cognitive impairment) do lead to compromised work performance.
Defining burnout is important, as rates have increased in the last few decades.
‘Tis the season
For many, the demands of the holidays cause exhaustion and risk burnout. People might feel compelled to shop, cook, entertain and socialise more than at other times of year. While burnout was initially defined in those in formal employment, we now recognise the same pattern can be experienced by those meeting the needs of children and/or elderly parents — with such needs typically increasing over Christmas.
Burnout is generally viewed according to a simple stress-response model. Excessive demands lead to burnout, without the individual bringing anything of themselves to its onset and development. But the Australian research has identified a richer model and emphasised how much personality contributes.
Formal carers, be they health workers, teachers, veterinarians and clergy or parents — are more likely to experience burnout. But some other professional groups — such as lawyers — are also at high risk.
In essence, “good” people — who are dutiful, diligent, reliable, conscientious and perfectionistic (either by nature or work nurture) — are at the greatest risk of burnout.
Six tips for avoiding seasonal burnout
You may not be able to change your personality, but you can change the way you allow it to “shape” activities. Prioritising, avoiding procrastination, decluttering and focusing on the “big picture” are all good things to keep in mind.
Managing your time helps you regain a sense of control, enhances your efficiency, and reduces the likelihood of feeling overwhelmed by responsibilities.
1. Prioritise tasks
Rank tasks based on urgency and importance. The Eisenhower Matrix, popularised by author Stephen R Covey, puts jobs into one of four categories:
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urgent and important
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important but not urgent
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urgent but not important
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neither urgent nor important.
This helps you see what needs to be top priority and helps overcome the illusion that everything is urgent.
2. Set realistic goals
Break down large goals into smaller, manageable tasks to be achieved each day, week, or month — to prevent feeling overwhelmed. This could mean writing a gift list in a day or shopping for a festive meal over a week. Use tools such as calendars, planners or digital apps to schedule tasks, deadlines and appointments.
3. Manage distractions
Minimise distractions that hinder productivity and time management. Research finds people complete cognitive tasks better with their phones in another room rather than in their pockets. People with phones on their desks performed the worst.
Setting specific work hours and website blockers can limit distractions.
4. Chunk your time
Group similar tasks together and allocate specific time blocks to focus on them. For example, respond to all outstanding emails in one stint, rather than writing one, then task-switching to making a phone call.
This approach increases efficiency and reduces the time spent transitioning between different activities.
5. Take breaks
A 2022 systematic review of workplace breaks found taking breaks throughout the day improves focus, wellbeing and helps get more work done.
6. Delegate
Whether at home or work, you don’t have to do it all! Identify tasks that can be effectively delegated to others or automated.
To finish the year feeling good, try putting one or more of these techniques into practice and prepare for a restful break.
Sophie Scott is an associate professor (adjunct) of science communication at the University of Notre Dame Australia and Gordon Parker is a scientia professor at UNSW Sydney. This piece first appeared on The Conversation.