The three toilets are pit latrines, effectively 10-foot-deep (3-metre) holes in the ground, that students line up during a lunch break to use.

The pit toilets at Seipone Secondary School in the village of Ga-Mashashane at least are covered by white toilet seats and enclosed by brick structures. Some of the pit toilets still used at more than 3,300 schools in poor, mostly rural areas across South Africa are not.

It is a shameful situation for a country referred to as the most developed in Africa, and an indicator of its profound problems with poverty and inequality, say human rights groups pushing the South African government to do away with the sub-standard facilities in schools forever.

Unhygienic, the latrines also present a much more direct danger.

In January 2014, James Komape at the nearby Chebeng village, received a phone call asking him to rush to his five-year-old son’s pre-school. The little boy, Michael, was found dead, drowned at the bottom of a pit latrine. Michael’s body had not even been removed from the pool of water mixed with faeces and urine at the bottom of the pit he fell into when his father got there.

“What hurt me a lot about Michael’s incident is that the people who were there saw that he had fallen in the toilet, but they did not remove him,” said James Komape. “They said they were waiting for the responsible authorities to come and remove him. I told them that if they had removed him quickly maybe he could have survived.”

It was Michael Komape’s first week at a new school and his death incensed many South Africans. His family took the Limpopo province’s education department to court and was awarded 1.4 million rands ($72,644) in damages. Later, court orders compelled the South African government to urgently address the issue of pit toilets in schools.

Other small children have also drowned in pit latrines in the near-decade since, one girl as recently as last month and another boy in March. There are no reliable figures to say how many children have lost their lives in pit toilets.

The latrines, which have an outlet that is used to drain them periodically, are cheaper and more practical for poorer schools because they do not rely on a constant supply of running water.

At the Jupiter Pre-School and Creche in the same Limpopo province where Michael died, children as young as three are still using pit toilets that have no proper seat but rather a hole carved out of a concrete slab that opens to the pit below.

“These are not good because of possible accidents of children falling in the toilet,” the school’s manager, Florina Ledwaba, said. “We have to follow them [the children] every time. What if they go without you seeing them? They are not safe at all.”

The Equal Education human rights group has been inspecting pit toilets in South African schools. Tiny Lebelo, an organiser with the group, expressed frustration that safety at schools, which should be the top priority for the government, is not.

The South African government promised to replace all pit toilets at schools nationwide by March 31 this year. It has not happened. Basic Education Minister Angie Motshekga said there are still 3,398 schools using pit latrines and the deadline to eradicate them has been shifted to 2025.

“What we are saying about them [people in rural areas] is that they don’t deserve dignity, that’s why we’re not going to provide you with a basic toilet,” Lebelo said. “We’re saying to them you’re not worthy of dignity.”

Section27 is another human rights group pushing for pit toilets to be eradicated for “safe and decent sanitation facilities”. It supported the Komape family in their legal action against the local and national education departments and succeeded in getting a court ruling that authorities must provide updated information every six months on schools in the Limpopo province using pit toilets and the plans to replace them.

Section27 called its system to track the government’s work The Michael Komape Sanitation Progress Monitor and it is able to use the information to hold the education department accountable.

The department has made some progress by reducing schools using pit toilets in Limpopo from 363 in 2021 to 210 schools now. But James Komape said the government has not kept its side of an agreement to remove pit toilets and “many children are still in real danger”.

At the Seipone Secondary School, the pit toilets are officially called ventilation-improved toilets, and are curiously known as “VIP toilets”.

There is anger and now pushback from students, too.

“Our health also matters. [We] cannot use toilets like these,” said Tebogo Makgoka, a 17-year-old student representative.