Central Asia’s fastest growing and most diversified economy is being radically changed by reforms, rising FDI and high growth. Global Finance spoke with Laziz Kudratov, Uzbekistan’s Minister of Investment, Industry and Trade.
Global Finance: Tell us about Uzbekistan’s transformation over the past eight years and what else you are looking to accomplish.
Laziz Kudratov: The changes that started in 2016 continue. We have seen GDP rise by 6% in 2023 and 6.4% in the first half of 2024. Along with a more business-friendly environment, key reforms, such as reducing VAT from 20% to 12% and creating special economic zones, we have strengthened our position as an attractive destination for foreign investors.
We have unified the exchange rate and liberalized the forex market, making it easier for international partners to do business here, including through public-private partnerships and outsourcing. We have also become a hub for IT with the creation of the Tashkent IT Park; and our first unicorn, Uzum, an e-commerce platform, is now valued at over $1 billion.
On the green energy front, we are striving to become a leader in Central Asia. We have recently secured a $13.1 billion investment from ACWA Power for 9.6 GW wind and solar power projects, and we partnered with Masdar for 2 GW green projects with investments of $1.7 billion, which is a key part of our broader effort to increase the share of renewables in our energy mix. In total, 35 agreements for green energy projects with a total capacity of 18.6 GW have been signed over the past four years—an essential step toward creating a more sustainable energy future.
Moving forward, we plan further legal reforms aimed at solidifying investor rights, enhancing transparency and improving business efficiency. By integrating more closely with the global economy, particularly through WTO membership, Uzbekistan aims to become a dynamic economic force regionally and globally.
GF: Uzbekistan is Central Asia’s most diversified economy. Has this been an advantage in driving growth?
Kudratov: Diversification sits at the heart of all our modernization efforts, allowing us to remain resilient in the face of an increasingly volatile global economy. By ensuring growth across multiple sectors with the support of international investors, we are positioning for long-term, sustainable development. This balance between established industries and emerging sectors is driving our progress.
We have built upon our traditional industries, such as textiles, mining, and agriculture. In the textile sector, we created Specialized Textile Industrial Zones, designed to attract investments by offering favorable operating conditions. Since the reforms began in 2017, the sector has welcomed investments totaling $9.8 billion. Today, as in the past, Uzbekistan is Central Asia’s textile hub.
We also have a highly developed mining industry. The Navoi Mining and Metallurgical Company (NMMC) ranks among the top four gold producers globally, while the Almalyk Mining and Metallurgical Complex (AMMC) is a leading global copper producer. The agricultural sector has been transformed, with several programs implemented to boost trade and provide farmers with access to essential technology, supplies and funding.
Manufacturing has seen a significant boost, contributing over $55 billion to the economy in 2023. Today, automotive firms such as BYD, KIA, and GM are producing cars in Uzbekistan, making us the leading car producer in Central Asia. In the electronics sector, in partnership with Samsung, an enterprise was established for production of electrical appliances, with investments of half a billion dollars. The chemical industry, built on abundant mineral resources, is benefiting from modernization efforts and government initiatives. From 2017 to 2023, we attracted $9.7 billion in FDI, with companies such as AIR Products and Casale building facilities here.
Meanwhile, Uzbekistan’s building materials industry is booming in response to growing demand. Over $8.7 billion has been invested by international companies in cement plants, glass factories, and rolling mills between 2017 and 2023.
We have also made a conscious effort to develop new sectors such as pharmaceuticals, IT, and renewable energy. IT sector expanded rapidly, with the IT Park exporting $344 million in IT products and services in 2023. These sectors are quickly becoming key pillars of our economy.
Total FDI in electricity over the last six years has amounted to an impressive $10 billion, and we are aiming to increase generating capacity coming from renewable sources to 20 GW by 2030, ensuring that green energy is about 40% of the total.
GF: The recent Central Asia summit saw the countries of the region commit to regional integration. How realistic is this given Uzbekistan’s historic close relations with Russia—and have we started to see evidence of it yet?
Kudratov: Uzbekistan has prioritized strengthening ties with its neighbors and fostering regional collaboration, with particular focus on diplomatic initiatives like Consultative Meetings of Central Asian Leaders, border demarcation, visa liberalization, initiatives stimulating regional trade and certainly economic cooperation.
Integration priorities include regional connectivity, water resource management, energy and security cooperation, as well as cultural and educational exchange.
The recent Summit marked an important step toward deeper regional integration. Uzbekistan is actively focusing on improving trade routes. One key example is the China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan railway, which will be crucial in facilitating trade within the region and beyond.
GF: In terms of attracting FDI and other investments, what are Uzbekistan’s main advantages?
Kudratov: Uzbekistan offers three key attributes that make it a highly attractive destination for FDI.
The first is our people. With over 60% of the population under 30, Uzbekistan boasts a young, well-educated and ambitious workforce. This youthful energy drives innovation and growth across the economy.
Second is our location. Strategically positioned at the crossroads of major global trade routes, Uzbekistan connects booming Asia, established Europe, and the capital-rich Gulf. This geographical advantage makes Uzbekistan a natural hub for facilitating East-West trade. Companies that are set up here can easily access key markets. Uzbekistan applies a free trade regime with nine CIS countries under Free Trade Agreements, has preferential trade regimes with Turkey and Pakistan, and is exploring agreements with the Republic of Korea, Qatar, Oman and Malaysia. Moreover, due to the EU’s GSP+ scheme, trade turnover between Uzbekistan and the EU has nearly doubled over the past five years (from $3.25 billion in 2018 to $5.8 billion in 2023).
Third is our reforms. Our more business-friendly environment includes customs duty exemptions on over 7,000 raw materials, a three-year tax exemption on dividends for foreign investors, and a lowered profit tax rate of 12%. We have also strengthened legal protections for foreign investors, ensuring their businesses are both secure and welcomed in Uzbekistan. Our inclusion in the OECD’s Regulatory Restrictiveness Index highlights our growing competitiveness.
Between 2017 and 2023, Uzbekistan utilized $60.9 billion in FDI and non-guaranteed loans, which funded large-scale projects across both sectoral and regional programs. We are continually striving to create a business ecosystem that is dynamic, inclusive, and future-ready.
GF: The plan is to attract some $250 billion in investment by 2030. How realistic is this?
Kudratov: Our goal is ambitious, and it is not something we can achieve alone. Uzbekistan is moving forward, and we are making it one of the best places to do business. But we need partners who share our ambition. The opportunities are here, the workforce is ready, and the incentives are in place. This is a chance to be part of something big, something transformative. Together, we can build an economy that benefits everyone.
Uzbekistan FDI Data Snapshot (2017-2023)
(GDP growth was 6.4% in first half of 2024)
- $60.9 billion – FDI and non-guaranteed loans utilized
- $10 billion – Energy FDI
- $9.8 billion – Light Industry FDI
- $9.7 billion – Chemical Industry FDI
- $8.7 billion – Building Materials FDI
- $4.2 billion – Mining and Metals FDI
- $2.5 billion – Automotive Industry and Electronics FDI