As the climate crisis intensifies, the world’s response has become a test of our collective will to act. Yet, while climate change affects us all, it doesn’t affect us all equally. The Western world and emerging economies like India are at the center of a complex climate conversation — one that’s fraught with historical responsibilities, development priorities, and the ever-present challenge of equity.
At the heart of this issue lies a simple but profound principle: “common but differentiated responsibilities” (CBDR). It acknowledges that while we all face a global challenge, the circumstances, histories, and capacities of nations are vastly different. Nowhere is this clearer than in the divide between the West and countries like India.
Historical Responsibility and India’s Right to Development
For much of the last century, industrialized nations, particularly in the West, have driven the bulk of global greenhouse gas emissions. The United States and the European Union, combined, account for over half of cumulative emissions since the industrial revolution. In contrast, India, despite being the third-largest emitter today, has some of the lowest per capita emissions in the world. Millions of Indians still lack access to basic services, including electricity. This reality underscores the importance of ensuring that climate action does not come at the cost of equitable development.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi captured India’s stance succinctly at COP26 when he declared, “India is the only major economy that has delivered on the Paris Agreement in both letter and spirit.” For India, climate action isn’t just about reducing emissions — it’s about balancing the urgent need for development with sustainability. Yet, time and again, the West has struggled to fully appreciate this balance, often leading to friction at global climate forums. India’s journey to a green future won’t, and can’t, be the same as the West’s; it must be shaped by the socio-economic realities of a developing nation.
The Financing Challenge: Words Versus Action
One of the most persistent issues in climate negotiations is the yawning gap between promises and actions, especially when it comes to financing. Over a decade ago, developed nations pledged to mobilize $100 billion annually in climate finance, a commitment made during the Copenhagen Accord. Today, that target remains largely unmet. This failure has eroded trust between the Global North and South, making it harder to forge a cohesive global strategy. As UN Secretary-General António Guterres put it, “Developed nations must lead the way. Developing nations have every right to ask for assistance.”
The Green Climate Fund (GCF) was set up with great ambition, but it has struggled to disburse funds efficiently, exposing the gap between pledges and reality. The International Energy Agency notes that investments in clean energy need to triple by 2030 to meet net-zero targets, with a significant share required in developing economies. Yet, much of the existing finance comes as loans, further burdening nations like India with debt. For a true partnership, Western nations must prioritize grants and affordable financing. As U.S. Special Presidential Envoy John Kerry said, “No one country can solve this problem alone.” It’s time for the West to put its money where its mouth is.
Technology Transfer: Unlocking Green Potential
India has already proven its potential in renewable energy, particularly in solar power. The International Solar Alliance (ISA), co-founded by India and France, is a shining example of how international cooperation can promote renewable energy adoption. But for India to fully realize its green potential, it needs greater access to cutting-edge technology. Unfortunately, Western concerns over intellectual property often act as a barrier.
This reluctance to share green technologies is counterproductive. Reports by the United Nations have consistently shown that easing intellectual property restrictions could significantly accelerate green transformation in developing nations. We have seen successful collaborations, like the Germany-Morocco renewable energy partnership, where technology sharing has led to tangible benefits. If the West is serious about climate action, it must embrace a more open and cooperative approach to technology transfer.
Just Energy Transition: Social Justice at the Core
India’s energy transition isn’t just about environmental sustainability — it’s about social justice. Millions of Indians depend on coal for their livelihoods, and a sudden, unplanned shift away from fossil fuels could have devastating economic consequences. While Western nations are right to encourage a reduction in coal dependency, they must also be prepared to support a just transition, one that includes reskilling programs and the creation of green jobs.
India has set ambitious targets, including a goal to boost its non-fossil fuel energy capacity to 50% by 2030. These goals are commendable, but they can’t be achieved without careful planning and substantial international support. The International Labour Organization has repeatedly stressed that just transition frameworks can mitigate economic disruption, but only if they are properly funded. If the West wants India to accelerate its energy transition, it must be willing to share not just advice, but resources.
A Path Forward: Collaboration, Not Condescension
The West’s engagement with India on climate equity needs to shift from a prescriptive approach to genuine partnership. The European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is a case in point. While it aims to address carbon leakage, it risks being seen as a form of green protectionism, which alienates countries like India. A more collaborative framework — one that emphasizes shared responsibilities, respects national circumstances, and offers practical support in finance and technology — is essential.
India has shown a clear willingness to lead. Its proactive role in global climate initiatives and ambitious domestic policies are testament to this. Now, it’s up to the Western world to match this enthusiasm with real action, not just well-meaning speeches. Genuine collaboration is the only way we can address the climate crisis in a manner that is just, equitable, and sustainable for all.
Conclusion: Bridging the Divide
As the world approaches critical climate tipping points, the need for true global cooperation has never been more urgent. If the Western world is serious about leading by example, it must begin by supporting nations like India — not just in words, but in deeds. By prioritizing financial aid, easing technology transfers, and respecting India’s unique development needs, the West can help bridge the climate divide and foster a more inclusive, sustainable future.
It’s time for the West to recognize that climate action doesn’t mean imposing a one-size-fits-all model. It means listening, adapting, and supporting. Only then can we hope to build a world where development and sustainability truly go hand in hand.