Islamabad, Pakistan – The clock was ticking away, and only eight minutes remained for the Pakistani hockey team to break an embarrassing pattern of decline in a sport it dominated for decades.

But New Zealand forward Hugo Inglis equalised the score in their qualifying match in Oman in January. Then, with just two minutes left for the final whistle, Scott Boyde made the winning hit. New Zealand had won 3-2.

And, with that, ended Pakistan’s dream of an Olympic berth – its third miss in a row.

“It was an incredibly sad day, the most heartbreaking of my career so far. To be so close and yet so far once again was difficult to get over,” Pakistan’s ace forward, Rana Waheed Ashraf, told Al Jazeera.

For decades, Pakistan were a dominant force in the sport. They have won three Olympic golds (1960, 1968 and 1984), as many silvers (1956, 1964 and 1972), and two bronze medals (1976 and 1992), making it a near-permanent presence at the games podium.

Pakistan also won an unmatched four of the first eight hockey World Cup tournaments.

But they failed to qualify for the 2014 and 2023 World Cups and finished a poor 12th among 16 teams in the 2018 tournament. In the 2010 World Cup, they finished last among 12 participants.

They are currently ranked 16th in world hockey. And with Pakistan missing out on the Olympics for the third time in a row, questions are mounting: What caused the downfall of one of the world’s most successful hockey-playing nations, and does it have a plan to recover its lost glory?

‘It will take a long time’

The last time Pakistan won an Olympic medal in hockey was a bronze at the 1992 Barcelona Games. The last time they were in contention for an Olympic medal was in Sydney in 2000, losing to the hosts in the third-place playoff.

In fact, 2024 marks four decades since Pakistan last won a hockey gold at the 1984 Los Angeles Games.

“It will take a long time before Pakistan can get back to the position it once occupied. In Pakistan, people look for medals instead of developing processes and systems. That is the biggest problem,” renowned Dutch coach Rolent Oltmans told Al Jazeera.

Oltmans, who led the Netherlands to World Cup victory in 1998 and had previous stints as Pakistan coach in 2003 and 2018, is among those tasked with making the South Asian country a top hockey-playing nation again.

This year, Oltmans was recruited to train the Pakistani team for two key tournaments: the Azlan Shah Cup in Malaysia, where they reached the finals, and the FIH Nations Cup in Poland, where they reached the semifinals.

But Oltmans says short-term coaching tenures cannot ensure continued success for the team.

“If you fail in a tournament, you cannot change things immediately. There must be continuity and a plan,” he said, adding that it needs a good talent scouting apparatus and a better understanding of how the game has evolved through the years.

“If Pakistan wants to get back to the top, they must have at least a four-year continuous plan,” he said.

‘Victim of own success’

Salman Akbar led Pakistan to their last major hockey win, in the 2010 Asian Games, where he was also declared the best goalkeeper. Five years after retiring from the sport in 2013, Japan hired him as their goalkeeping coach and won the 2018 Asian Games gold.

Akbar believes Pakistan is a victim of its own past success and that many of its hockey greats, who moved into the sport’s administration, failed to deliver.

“If you look at the overall picture, our seniors were celebrated but [they] did not evolve. They continue to celebrate their past victories, not realising that the game has changed. There is no structure, no roadmap to progress, no professionalism,” he told Al Jazeera from the Netherlands, where he runs a goalkeeping academy.

Khwaja Junaid, a dashing midfielder from the 1980s and the 90s who won the best player award in the 1994 Champions Trophy, agrees.

Junaid acknowledged the failure of Pakistan’s top players when they became administrators. He said a robust system that ensures the development of the sport at the grassroots level no longer exists.

“Schools used to be the nurseries. They would have interschool tournaments, then there were clubs where a talent was spotted. There used to be sports quota in colleges and universities, and players with potential were given scholarships,” he said.

“After academics, players had job opportunities at various organisations, both private and public, where they had set up sports departments. There was a proper structure and players remained engaged with the game round the year,” he added.

But the advent of the 90s saw the commercialisation of cricket, making its popularity soar over other sports. Sports quotas were eliminated and vacant grounds were utilised for building residential units, depriving children of spaces to play. Private schools mushroomed across the country on smaller properties with no facilities or encouragement for sports.

More recently, many public sector and government organisations which had some of the country’s finest teams have shuttered their sports divisions, citing Pakistan’s economic downturn.

Failure to catch up

As Pakistan underwent political upheaval after the end of an 11-year military dictatorship in 1988, hockey began to evolve globally. Both the developments changed the country’s fortunes.

Synthetic turf slowly replaced the grass grounds on which the game was traditionally played. For a developing nation, it was an expensive change. An average artificial turf today costs close to $500,000, with additional funds required for its maintenance.

The change in surface also meant that other sports equipment had to change — and that too became costlier. Today, an ordinary hockey stick costs 6,000-8,000 rupees ($21-28), while a high-quality one is upwards of 20,000 rupees ($70). Similarly, a good quality hockey shoe suitable for synthetic turf costs 30,000-50,000 rupees ($107-180). This, in a country which, according to World Bank data, has a median income of 76,000 rupees ($266) per month.

Oltmans said the change in playing surface affected Pakistan’s performance and lamented a lack of effort by the authorities to keep up with the change.

Junaid, who has also had multiple stints with the Pakistan team as coach and manager, agreed with the Dutch coach. He accused the Pakistan Hockey Federation (PHF), the government body tasked with promoting the sport in the country, of resting on past laurels instead of preparing for the future.

“We didn’t evolve and now we are in this almost interminable decline. Legacies continue when you have star players, [else] the game fades into oblivion.”

PHF president Tariq Hussain Bugti told Al Jazeera the single biggest challenge the sporting body faces is a chronic lack of funds.

“We have an annual budget of less than 4 million rupees [$14,350], whereas a single international tour for the national squad costs close to 30 million rupees [$100,000],” he said.

The board, Bugti says, only manages to support the team’s travel with grants from the government.

“We don’t have a league system. We don’t have our own stadium where players can practise, and we had to request the Pakistan Sports Board (PSB) to provide us a hockey stadium to hold training camps,” he said, adding that the PHF lacks a marketing department to generate corporate sponsorship for the national team.

Meanwhile, the PHF has also been battling its own set of problems, including allegations of financial mismanagement by administrators, who were already facing the heat for Pakistan’s repeated failure to qualify for the Olympics and World Cups.

In December, a battle for the PHF presidency saw a former president refusing to accept his removal and starting a parallel federation. The current government resolved the matter after it came to power in February, merging the two bodies and declaring Bugti as the president of the PHF.

‘Enormous task ahead’

Bugti was in Oman when the Pakistani team lost to New Zealand and yet again failed to qualify for the Olympics, which officially begins in Paris on Friday. “It was a national tragedy and it gave me an idea of the enormous task ahead,” he told Al Jazeera.

He knows the challenges. With almost non-existent grassroots competitions or domestic leagues, and no regular national or international events, Pakistani players, for most parts of the year, have little to look forward to.

Ashraf, one of the country’s rising stars, made his debut in 2019. In the five years since, the ace centre-forward has played for the national team in just 59 matches, scoring 29 goals. By comparison, Sohail Abbas, Pakistan’s greatest goal scorer and one of the finest drag-flick pushers in the history of the game, played 311 matches between 1998 and 2012, averaging 22 games a year.

Since the Nations Cup tournament in Poland in June, Ashraf, 24, has been home in Sargodha, a city in Pakistan’s Punjab province, training on his own.

The Asian Champions Trophy will be held in China in September and the national team has not begun its practice camp yet. Ashraf said it was an example of one of the challenges before the PHF: to eliminate uncertainty over the squad.

“We have three months before our next tournament, but we don’t have a coach, we don’t have a ground to play on, we don’t have a camp yet. I just try to keep myself fit by training three times a day,” Ashraf told Al Jazeera.

“We need matches. We need a domestic league to play,” he insisted.

His teammate, Sufyan Khan, known for his slick penalty corners, echoed the sentiments. The 22-year-old from Bannu city in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province said the players need better exposure.

“When you prepare a team, you need to give them four or five years to plan. You cannot assemble a team two or three weeks before a tournament and expect medals. We don’t play domestically. We don’t travel abroad to play bilateral series because the board says they are short of funds. If we don’t play abroad, those foreign leagues won’t see us and we will miss out on opportunities to play, learn and earn,” he told Al Jazeera.

Former national capital Akbar said the lack of a set schedule for hockey in the country was hurting players.

“It cannot happen that a player goes to play in a league, which works on its own schedule, and the PHF asks that player to return or else he will not be selected. And then there is no camp or set routine. There must be coordination for the players’ welfare,” he said.

Lack of innovation

Critics say one of the reasons for the decline in Pakistan’s hockey performance is its failure to innovate — a scenario that is a far cry from when the country actually inspired other sporting giants.

This is the story of what happened behind the scenes, in the lead up to Argentina’s first football World Cup victory in 1978.

Forty-four years ago, Pakistan travelled to Argentina to participate in the third hockey World Cup, which took place three months before the football World Cup, also hosted by Argentina.

Pakistan, led by Islahuddin Siddiqui, played a fast-paced brand of hockey, scoring 35 goals in the tournament, conceding only four, and culminating in a victory against the Netherlands in the final.

Shahnaz Sheikh, the vice captain of the team and top scorer in the tournament, says the high-speed strategy was called “double attack” and it was devised by the team’s manager, Abdul Waheed Khan, himself a gold medallist in the 1960 Rome Olympics.

“Our game was built on complete offence, where the idea was to move via wings and keep making short passes throughout the midfield to reach opponent half,” Sheikh, now 76, told Al Jazeera.

Among the admirers of the strategy was Cesar Luis Menotti, coach of the Argentinian football team. Sheikh recalls that it was during one of the training sessions that the football coach arrived on the ground to watch the Pakistani team train.

“He was clearly very impressed, and spoke to Abdul Waheed, our manager, and discussed with him about how we played, and asked to brief him about our tactics,” he added.

Two months later, Menotti’s team, led by the brilliant Mario Kempes, won the World Cup for the first time, and the coach sent a telegram to Khan, acknowledging the advice.

“Our manager later told us that Menotti in his note thanked him for contributing to the Argentinian win,” Sheikh said.

Bugti is hopeful that recruiting Oltmans once again as the national coach may see some positive changes in the hockey team’s performance.

“We are going to ask him to return once again to train and coach our national team for the upcoming tournaments,” Bugti said. “We will ask him to draw up any plan he wants, how he wants, and we will not interfere in his decisions. All we ask for are results.”

He said he has presented a one-year plan about it to Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif, who is also the patron-in-chief of the PHF.

“We want to ensure that players receive their allowances, get matches abroad, and build our capacity for player development and coaching,” Bugti said.

Recalling his recent trip to Poland for the Nations Cup, Bugti recalled that some officials of the International Hockey Federation asked him about Pakistan’s repeated failures in the game in recent years.

“I confessed that we are in bad shape, but I also promised that our revival is on the cards, and we will catch up with the world. There is obviously a lack of trust in us due to our past, but it is my sincere wish to bring Pakistan back to the top of the hockey world,” he told Al Jazeera.