They scanned the dimly lit sky expecting to spot a flight of seagulls mewing in the distance. Instead, as the group sailed towards the noise, the scene that awaited them was one they had never seen.

“We woke up to an immeasurable tragedy,” Fiorino said. “There were hundreds of people in the sea, screaming and crying for help.”

A rickety trawler carrying asylum seekers from Eritrea and Somalia had capsized a short distance off Italy’s Lampedusa, a holidaymaker’s dream island known for its azure waters and sandy beach.

Only 155 people survived, while 368 people drowned.

The fishermen pulled 47 people onto their vessel before Italian authorities arrived.

Days later, on October 11, a second vessel loaded with mostly Syrians fleeing the war-ravaged country capsized some 32km (20 miles) off the coast, killing 268 people, including 60 children.

Ten years to the day, Fiorino joined Italy’s annual day of remembrance for the victims of the 2013 shipwrecks and the thousands of refugees who have perished at sea since.

He lit candles on Tuesday around an elliptical monument he designed and installed in Lampedusa’s Piazza Piave. Swirling around the iron skeleton of a boat, the names of those who died in the shipwreck converged on a blue pedestal symbolising the sea.

Beside him, survivors and the fishermen who had saved their lives locked in an embrace, sobbing quietly.

Adhanom Rezene, who was 22 when he fled Eritrea, lost childhood friends in the shipwreck.

“It is important for me to be here to remember them. I don’t want to forget,” he told Al Jazeera. “We are not just numbers, we are human beings and we came in search of freedom, and peace.”

‘Never again’

The unprecedented scale of the double tragedy, a stone’s throw from Italy’s southernmost strip of land, shook the conscience of European officials at the time.

Jose Manuel Barroso, then-president of the European Commission, flew to Lampedusa, where teddy bears and flowers adorned hundreds of small white coffins, an image Barroso said would “never get out of my mind”.

“The kind of tragedy we have witnessed here so close to the coast should never happen again,” Barroso said.

Yet, similar tragedies have occurred time and again and the Italian island, with a population of just 6,000, is once again at the centre of a European refugee crisis.

Last month in Lampedusa, as thousands of asylum seekers were crammed in a centre designed to accommodate 400, the Italian Coast Guard found the body of a newborn baby who died on the journey.

Days earlier, a five-month-old boy drowned after a boat capsized a short distance from the coast.

In February, at least 94 people, including 35 children, died after a boat carrying refugees sank off the Italian coastal city of Cutro, in the southern region of Calabria.

Vincenzo Luciano, a fisherman who attempted to save lives during the recent Cutro shipwreck, shared his testimony with a group of students in Lampedusa.

“Unlike Vito, I couldn’t save anyone. I took 13 children out of the water, but they were all dead,” he said. “The youngest one was eight months old. He died in my arms.”

Since 2014, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) says 28,105 people have been recorded as missing, but the real numbers are likely to be significantly higher.

So far this year, at least 2,517 people have died while crossing the Mediterranean, according to the United Nations refugee agency UNHCR – more than last year’s grim toll.

Survivors of the 2013 shipwrecks and relatives of the victims on Tuesday accused Italian and European institutions of prioritising their borders over lives.

Emmanuel Ghebreyusu, 53, said his niece would have been 30 today had she survived.

“It has really been tough over the past 10 years,” said Ghebreyusu, as crowds marched to the 5-metre (16-foot) high Gate of Europe monument, where they tossed flowers in the sea, a poignant symbol of their mourning.

“I wish authorities would do more to save lives. Human lives are more important than anything,” he said.

In the aftermath of the 2013 shipwrecks, Rome launched a state-led operation to patrol the Mediterranean – calling it Mare Nostrum, the Roman name for the Mediterranean Sea – that saved more than 150,000 lives in its year of activity.

However, the naval mission was suspended in 2014 after the EU refused to contribute to its operational costs.

According to humanitarian groups that try and save refugees in peril, since then, the policies governing search and rescue operations have focused on pushbacks, the criminalisation of NGOs, and deliberate delays.

Rossella Miccio, head of the Italian non-governmental medical organisation Emergency, which operates the vessel Life Support, told Al Jazeera that Rome is “clear and explicit” in its desire to hamper the work of NGO ships.

The government of far-right Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni, whose election campaign a year ago called for a naval blockade of North Africa to curb arrivals, has adopted decrees which limit NGO vessels to one rescue at a time, after which they must immediately disembark.

The organisations say the Ministry of the Interior often assigns far-flung ports to disembark, limiting the boat’s availability to carry out search and rescue operations. At times, they have been assigned distant northern Italian ports, far from the stretch of the Mediterranean Sea where they operate.

“These policies curtail search and rescue operations and bring more deaths and pullbacks,” Miccio said.

In 2017, the EU struck a deal with Libya and in July signed a controversial agreement, allocating 100 million euros ($112m) to Tunisia to help it combat undocumented migration. Both countries intercept and return boats, which human rights organisations say make the EU complicit in abuses.

“People are being taken back to Libya and now Tunisia, but what does this achieve? This is a vicious cycle because they will keep trying to flee,” said Miccio.

The mayor of Lampedusa, Filippo Mannino, said political parties of all colours have kicked the can down the road and failed to offer viable solutions to the challenges posed by migratory flows.

“The most concerning trend is that we are treating arrivals and deaths at sea as routine events,” he said. “We are desensitised to them.”

Meloni, Macron seek European ‘response’

On Friday, the leaders of nine Mediterranean and Southern European countries gathered in Malta, calling for a “significant increase” in the EU’s efforts to tackle migration in origin and transit countries, after the peak of arrivals in Lampedusa reignited tensions within the bloc.

Meloni said without “structural” solutions from the bloc, “everyone will be overwhelmed”.

French President Emmanuel Macron called for “a united European response”, urging “solidarity with Italy”. Earlier, his interior minister stated that Paris would not welcome people coming from Lampedusa.

EU Commission head Ursula von der Leyen visited the island on September 17, waging a battle against undocumented arrivals.

“We decide who comes to the European Union and under what circumstances, and not the smugglers and traffickers,” she said as she presented a 10-point plan that included a possible European naval mission, which Meloni said should be run “in agreement with North African authorities”.

According to Emergency’s Miccio, the terms of this proposal remain unclear.

“We welcome a European naval mission,” she said, “granted that it puts saving lives – rather than pushbacks – as its main priority.”