Attacks have taken place in Khartoum, Omdurman and Khartoum North, the three cities that make up the greater capital, hours before a ceasefire is due to go into effect.

Residents on Monday reported air strikes in Khartoum, Omdurman and Khartoum North, the three cities that make up the greater capital, separated by the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile.

“The situation is horrible. The planes are bombing us on every side and from the strength of the vibration of the house doors, we feel like we’ll die today,” Salma Abdallah, a resident of the Al-Riyadh neighbourhood in Khartoum, told Reuters.

Witnesses said the army also carried out air attacks into the evening on Sunday, targeting vehicles from mobile units of the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) – the paramilitary group that the army is fighting. RSF vehicles have been operating across residential areas in the capital.

Both sides have said they will abide by a ceasefire starting at 9:45pm (19:45 GMT).

The ceasefire deal includes a monitoring mechanism involving the army and the RSF as well as representatives from Saudi Arabia and the United States, which brokered the agreement after talks in Jeddah.

Though fighting has continued through previous ceasefires, this is the first truce to be formally agreed following negotiations.

‘Ethnicisation’ of conflict

The deal has raised hopes of a pause in fighting that erupted on April 15 and has driven nearly 1.1 million people from their homes, including more than 250,000 who have fled into neighbouring countries.

United Nations special envoy to Sudan Volker Perthes warned that the fighting could turn into an ethnic-driven conflict if the warring parties do not respect and extend the ceasefire, which should allow civilians to move and give access to humanitarian aid.

“This is a welcome development, though the fighting and troop movements have continued even today, despite a commitment of both sides not to pursue military advantage before the ceasefire takes effect,” Perthes told the UN Security Council in New York.

“In parts of the country, fighting between the two armies or the two armed formations has sharpened into communal tensions, or triggered conflict between communities,” he said.

Perthes added that “signs of tribal mobilisation” had also been reported in other parts of the country, particularly in South Kordofan.

“I continue to urge the parties to honour this agreement which they signed two days ago. They must stop the fighting. They must allow access for humanitarian relief, protect humanitarian workers and assets,” he said.

The war broke out in Khartoum after disputes over plans for the RSF to be integrated into the army under an internationally-backed deal to shift Sudan towards democracy following decades of conflict-ridden rule by former President Omar al-Bashir, who had appointed himself as leader of the country after staging a coup in 1989.